Open Access online publishing journal from Africa

ISSN; 2411-1376 

An African Official Scientific journal

​​​​Original Research Paper - 1

Uniformly Convergent Second Order Completely Fitted Finite Difference Scheme for Two-Parameters Singularly Perturbed Two Point Boundary Value Problem

        K. Phaneendra, G. Mahesh

Abstract:

In this paper, a uniformly convergent completely exponential fitted finite difference method is constructed for the solution of two parameters singularly perturbed two-point boundary value problem having dual boundary layer on a uniform mesh. In this method, the discretization equation is developed using higher order finite difference approximations for the derivative terms. Two fitting factors are inserted in the finite difference scheme to take care of the two parameters of the problem. The discretization equation is solved by using the tridiagonal solver discrete invariant imbedding. Convergence of the method is analyzed and the maximum absolute errors with comparison for the standard examples are tabulated to show the efficiency of the method.

Keywords: Two parameters singularly perturbed two point boundary value problem, Dual boundary layer, Characteristic equation, Fitting factor.   

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​​​Original Research Paper – 2

In silico comparative study of avian and human insulin chain A and chain B
         Asha Arora , Sonam Shah and Kamlesh Pareek

Abstract
Insulin like peptide sequences has been the metabolic regulator in both invertebrate and vertebrates. During the molecular evolution it has been altered significantly leading amino acid substitution at various sites. In humans it is the chief hormone involved in carbohydrate metabolism and related pathways but differs with other insulin peptides of lower classes. As anatomically and physiologically aves share farthermost features with mammalian. Therefore, in present study in silico comparsion of both avian and human insulin was carried out to analyze the patterns of substitution in the mother sequences of chain A and chain B. Target sequences were retrieved from NCBI and were locally aligned to sort the amino acid differences at various sites.  Avian amino acids Histidine, Asparagine and Threonine of position 8, 9 and 10 of chain A are substituted by Threonine, Serine and Isoleucine respectively in humans; while Alanine of 1, 2 and 30 position of avian chain B is replaced by Phenylalanine, Valine and Tyrosine in humans. 27th position of aves is preoccupied by Serine while human insulin carries Threonine. All the substitutions involved the replacement in non receptor and ligand binding sites which bespeaks functional conformity in both the aligned groups. Cysteine residues were invariably constant indexing conservation of secondary structure and stability.

Keywords: Aves, Insulin, Molecular evolution, Amino acid Substitution

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​Original Research Paper – 3

Development and Validation of RP-LC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Amlodipine Besylate and Valsartan in Bulk and its Pharmaceutical Formulations
          Geetha Bhavani K,  S rinivasu N,  Nanduri Gayatri Devi and D. Ramachandran

Abstract
The developed new method for the simultaneous estimation of Amoldipine besylate and Valsartan  in tablet formulations is simple, rapid, selective, precise and accurate .The present work has been developed by non isocratic reverse phase high performance liquid Chromatography assay method. The separation was carried out by using column Symmetry C18, (150 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ) (Make: Waters), in mobile phase consisted of Acetonitrile and pH 3.0 triethylamine buffer.. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, column oven temperature 35 oC, the injection volume was 10 μL, and detection was performed at 237 nm using a photodiode array detector (PDA), Run time 20 min. The retention time of amlodipine besylate and valsartan, was noted to be 5.2 min and 8.5min respectively, indicative of rather shorter analysis time. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines. The proposed method was found to be accurate, reproducible, and consistent.

Keywords: Liquid Chromatography; Amlodipine besylate, Valsartan, Combined dosage forms; Simultaneous estimation, Validation

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Original Research Paper – 4

A Fitted Non Standard Finite Difference Method for Singularly Perturbed Differential Difference Equations with Mixed Shifts
              D. Kumara Swamy, K. Phaneendra, Y.N. Reddy

Abstract:
      In this paper, a fitted non standard finite difference method is proposed for solving singularly perturbed differential-difference equations with delay and advanced shifts. Taylor series is used to tackle the delay and advanced shifts to replace the given problem as singularly perturbed two–point boundary value problem. A fitting factor is introduced in the non standard finite difference scheme which takes care of the rapid changes that occur in the boundary layer due to perturbation parameter. From the theory asymptotic solution of singular perturbations the fitting factor is obtained. Thomas algorithm is used to solve the tridiagonal system of the discretization equation. The existence and uniqueness of the discrete problem along with stability estimates are discussed. The convergence of the method is analyzed.  Maximum absolute errors of several numerical experiments are presented to illustrate the proposed method.

Keywords:Singularly perturbed differential difference equations, Asymptotic   approximation, Fitting factor, Tridiagonal system, Discrete invariant imbedding algorithm, Truncation error

Review Article 1

 Pharmacovigilance of the herbal medicines use: a review on case reports
               Niyas Mariyam, Devaraj Ezhilarasan

Abstract:
Herbal medicines are skyrocketing worldwide and considered safe by the general public due to their natural origin. It is believed to possess a long history of use, patient tolerance, cheaper cost, fewer side effects. Contrary to the belief of being natural and safe products, herbal plants produce toxic substances as secondary metabolites that are sometimes not easily distinguishable from the pharmacological active compounds. Some herbal medicines have been directly linked with wide spectrum of untoward effects due to presence of active compounds. In almost 90% of published case reports says that herbal medicines induced adverse effects have been reversed towards normalcy upon discontinuation of these medicines by the patient which shows the prevalence of herbal medicine. It has to emphasize that though herbal medicines usage is inevitable against wide spectrum of diseases and there also considerable amount of risk it possess. Hence, it is suggested that herbal medicines use in human should carefully be monitored, pharmacovigilance and herb drug and herb food interaction studies are further warranted and it is need of the hour

Keywords: Pharmacovigilance, herbal medicine, adverse effects, medicinal plants

Volume 3 Issue 4

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