Nfpa 704 2012

1. NFPA 704 ® Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response --```,`,```,`,,,``,,,``,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 2012 Edition NFPA, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471 An International Codes and Standards Organization Register for Become a Subscribe Visit the Seminars, Webinars, Member to the NFPA Catalog and Online CoursesCopyright National Fire Protection AssociationProvided by IHS under license with NFPA Licensee=PDVSA - Puerto La Cruz site 5/9986712010No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 02/14/2012 12:42:03 MST

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4. 704–1 Copyright © 2011 National Fire Protection Association®. All Rights Reserved. NFPA® 704 Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response 2012 Edition This edition of NFPA 704, Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response, was prepared by the Technical Committee on Classification and Properties of Hazardous Chemical Data, and acted on by NFPA at its June Association Technical Meeting held June 12–15, 2011, in Boston, MA. It was issued by the Standards Council on August 11, 2011, with an effective date of August 31, 2011, and supersedes all previous editions. This edition of NFPA 704 was approved as an American National Standard on August 31, 2011. Origin and Development of NFPA 704 Work on this standard originated in 1957; a great deal of the development work had been done by the NFPA Sectional Committee on Classification, Labeling, and Properties of Flammable --```,`,```,`,,,``,,,``,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Liquids starting in 1952. Background data were published by the Association in its quarterly magazine in 1954, 1956, and 1958. The material in its present form was first tentatively adopted in 1960. Official adoption was secured in 1961, and revisions were adopted in 1964, 1966, 1969, 1975, 1980, and 1985. In the 1987 and 1990 editions, the Committee on Fire Hazards of Materials introduced quantitative guidelines for assigning the Health Hazard and Reactivity Hazard Rat- ings. The 1996 edition introduced additional quantitative guidelines and an amended definition for the Instability Hazard Rating, formerly the Reactivity Hazard Rating. The 2001 edition clarified numerous topics, including the following: rating of mixtures; three options of how to rate areas with multiple chemical storage and use; location of signs; more quantitative criteria for flammability ratings for solids; and quantitative criteria for a flammability rating of zero, including introduction of a new test method. Guidance material was added for quantifying the degree of water reactivity. An annex was added to cover water reactivity and identification criteria, as well as additional information on flash point test methods. The 2007 edition clarified numerous topics, including the special hazards quadrant and placement and hierarchy of symbols. The new Simple Asphyxiant (SA) designation and other optional symbols, as well as requirements for the classification of flammability rating for dusts, were added. The 2012 edition includes reinstatement of the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) hazard criterion to Table 7.2 as well as new guidance on the flammability hazard classification for aerosol products. The 2012 edition also includes new text in Table 6.2 that emphasizes the use of Annex D to classify the flammability hazard of a finely divided solid. NFPA and National Fire Protection Association are registered trademarks of the National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts 02169.Copyright National Fire Protection AssociationProvided by IHS under license with NFPA Licensee=PDVSA - Puerto La Cruz site 5/9986712010No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 02/14/2012 12:42:03 MST

5. 704–2 IDENTIFICATION OF THE HAZARDS OF MATERIALS FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE Technical Committee on Classification and Properties of Hazardous Chemical Data Gary Robinson, Chair Liberty Mutual Group, IL [I] Rep. Property Casualty Insurers Association of America Robert A. Michaels, Secretary RAM TRAC Corporation, NY [SE] Laurence G. Britton, Process Safety Consultant, WV [SE] Kenneth D. Lewis, Evonik Degussa Corporation, AL [U] Lance Edwards, American Coatings Association, DC [M] Rep. NFPA Industrial Fire Protection Section Richard Gowland, European Process Safety Centre, David F. Peterson, Madison, Wisconsin Fire Department, United Kingdom [U] WI [E] Ronald Keefer, Menlo Park Fire Protection District, William J. Satterfield, III, Hydrogen Safety, LLC/Rode CA [E] & Associates, LLC, RI [I] Ron A. Kirsch, PureSafety, Inc., TN [SE] James O. Vigerust, Jr., Shaw Group Inc., NM [SE] Arthur A. Krawetz, Phoenix Chemical Laboratory Inc., David B. Wechsler, The Dow Chemical Company, IL [RT] TX [M] , Nonvoting Ira Wainless, U.S. Department of Labor, DC [E] Denise Beach, NFPA Staff Liaison This list represents the membership at the time the Committee was balloted on the final text of this edition. Since that time, changes in the membership may have occurred. A key to classifications is found at the back of the document. NOTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or any document developed by the committee on which the member serves. Committee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on the classification of the relative hazards of all chemical solids, liquids, and gases and to compile data on the hazard properties of these hazardous chemicals. --```,`,```,`,,,``,,,``,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 2012 EditionCopyright National Fire Protection AssociationProvided by IHS under license with NFPA Licensee=PDVSA - Puerto La Cruz site 5/9986712010No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 02/14/2012 12:42:03 MST

6. CONTENTS 704–3 Contents Chapter 1 Administration ............................... 704– 4 Chapter 6 Flammability Hazards ...................... 704– 8 1.1 Scope ................................................ 704– 4 6.1 General .............................................. 704– 8 1.2 Purpose ............................................. 704– 4 6.2 Degrees of Hazard ................................ 704– 8 1.3 Application ......................................... 704– 4 6.3 Aerosols ............................................. 704–10 1.4 Retroactivity ........................................ 704– 4 Chapter 7 Instability Hazards .......................... 704–10 1.5 Equivalency ......................................... 704– 4 7.1 General .............................................. 704–10 7.2 Degrees of Hazard ................................ 704–10 Chapter 2 Referenced Publications ................... 704– 4 2.1 General .............................................. 704– 4 Chapter 8 Special Hazards .............................. 704–10 2.2 NFPA Publications ................................ 704– 4 8.1 General .............................................. 704–10 8.2 Symbols .............................................. 704–11 2.3 Other Publications ............................... 704– 5 2.4 References for Extracts in Mandatory Chapter 9 Identification of Materials by Hazard Sections ............................................. 704– 5 Rating System ................................ 704–11 9.1 Symbol Arrangement ............................ 704–11 Chapter 3 Definitions .................................... 704– 5 Annex A Explanatory Material ......................... 704–12 3.1 General .............................................. 704– 5 3.2 NFPA Official Definitions ....................... 704– 5 Annex B Health Hazard Rating ........................ 704–14 --```,`,```,`,,,``,,,``,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 3.3 General Definitions .............................. 704– 5 Annex C Flammability ................................... 704–16 Chapter 4 General ........................................ 704– 5 Annex D Combustible Dusts ............................ 704–17 4.1 Description ......................................... 704– 5 Annex E Instability, Thermal Hazard Evaluation 4.2 Assignment of Ratings ........................... 704– 5 Techniques ...................................... 704–17 4.3 Location of Signs ................................. 704– 6 Annex F Water Reactivity Identification Criteria ..... 704–18 Chapter 5 Health Hazards .............................. 704– 6 Annex G Informational References .................. 704–20 5.1 General .............................................. 704– 6 5.2 Degrees of Hazard ................................ 704– 6 Index ........................................................... 704–21 2012 EditionCopyright National Fire Protection AssociationProvided by IHS under license with NFPA Licensee=PDVSA - Puerto La Cruz site 5/9986712010No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 02/14/2012 12:42:03 MST

7. 704–4 IDENTIFICATION OF THE HAZARDS OF MATERIALS FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE NFPA 704 ily decide whether to evacuate the area or to commence emergency control procedures. Standard System for the 1.2.4 This system also shall provide those personnel with information to assist in selecting fire-fighting tactics and emergency Identification of the Hazards of Materials for procedures. Emergency Response 1.2.5 Local conditions can have a bearing on evaluation of hazards; therefore, discussion shall be kept in general terms. 2012 Edition 1.3 Application. IMPORTANT NOTE: This NFPA document is made available for 1.3.1 This standard shall apply to industrial, commercial, and use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices institutional facilities that manufacture, process, use, or store and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document hazardous materials. and may be found under the heading “Important Notices and Dis- 1.3.2* This standard shall not apply to transportation or use by claimers Concerning NFPA Documents.” They can also be obtained the general public and is not intended to address the following: on request from NFPA or viewed at www.nfpa.org/disclaimers. NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the number or letter (1) Occupational exposure designating a paragraph indicates that explanatory material (2) Explosive and blasting agents, including commercial explo- on the paragraph can be found in Annex A. sive material as defined in NFPA 495, Explosive Materials Code Changes other than editorial are indicated by a vertical (3) Chemicals whose only hazard is one of chronic health haz- rule beside the paragraph, table, or figure in which the ards change occurred. These rules are included as an aid to the (4) Teratogens, mutagens, oncogens, etiologic agents, and user in identifying changes from the previous edition. Where other similar hazards one or more complete paragraphs have been deleted, the de- 1.4 Retroactivity. The provisions of this standard reflect a con- letion is indicated by a bullet (•) between the paragraphs that sensus of what is necessary to provide an acceptable degree of remain. protection from the hazards addressed in this standard at the A reference in brackets [ ] following a section or paragraph time the standard was issued. indicates material that has been extracted from another NFPA 1.4.1 Unless otherwise specified, the provisions of this stan- document. As an aid to the user, the complete title and edition dard shall not apply to facilities, equipment, structures, or in- of the source documents for extracts in mandatory sections of stallations that existed or were approved for construction or --```,`,```,`,,,``,,,``,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- the document are given in Chapter 2 and those for extracts in installation prior to the effective date of the standard. Where informational sections are given in Annex G. Extracted text specified, the provisions of this standard shall be retroactive. may be edited for consistency and style and may include the revision of internal paragraph references and other refer- 1.4.2 In those cases where the authority having jurisdiction ences as appropriate. Requests for interpretations or revisions determines that the existing situation presents an unaccept- of extracted text shall be sent to the technical committee re- able degree of risk, the authority having jurisdiction shall be sponsible for the source document. permitted to apply retroactively any portions of this standard Information on referenced publications can be found in deemed appropriate. Chapter 2 and Annex G. 1.4.3 The retroactive requirements of this standard shall be permitted to be modified if their application clearly would be impractical in the judgment of the authority having jurisdic- Chapter 1 Administration tion and only where it is clearly evident that a reasonable degree of safety is provided. 1.1 Scope. This standard shall address the health, flammability, instability, and related hazards that are presented by short-term, 1.5 Equivalency. Nothing in this standard is intended to pre- acute exposure to a material under conditions of fire, spill, or vent the use of systems, methods, or devices of equivalent or similar emergencies. superior quality, strength, fire resistance, effectiveness, dura- bility, and safety over those prescribed by this standard. 1.2 Purpose. 1.5.1 Technical documentation shall be submitted to the au- 1.2.1 This standard shall provide a simple, readily recog- thority having jurisdiction to demonstrate equivalency. nized, and easily understood system of markings that provides a general idea of the hazards of a material and the severity of 1.5.2 The system, method, or device shall be approved for the these hazards as they relate to emergency response. intended purpose by the authority having jurisdiction. 1.2.2 The objectives of the system shall be as follows: (1) To provide an appropriate signal or alert and on-the-spot Chapter 2 Referenced Publications information to safeguard the lives of both public and private emergency response personnel 2.1 General. The documents or portions thereof listed in this (2) To assist in planning for effective fire and emergency con- chapter are referenced within this standard and shall be control operations, including cleanup sidered part of the requirements of this document. (3) To assist all designated personnel, engineers, and plant 2.2 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Association, and safety personnel in evaluating hazards 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471. 1.2.3 This system shall provide basic information to fire- NFPA 70®, National Electrical Code®, 2011 edition. fighting, emergency, and other personnel, enabling them to eas- NFPA 495, Explosive Materials Code, 2010 edition. 2012 EditionCopyright National Fire Protection AssociationProvided by IHS under license with NFPA Licensee=PDVSA - Puerto La Cruz site 5/9986712010No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 02/14/2012 12:42:03 MST

8. GENERAL 704–5 2.3 Other Publications. 3.3.3 Fire Point. The lowest temperature at which a liquid will ignite and achieve sustained burning when exposed to a 2.3.1 ASTM Publications. ASTM International, 100 Barr Har- test flame in accordance with ASTM D 92, Standard Test Method bor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. • for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester. [30, 2012] ASTM D 92, Standard Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup, 2005. 3.3.4* Flash Point. The minimum temperature at which a liquid or a solid emits vapor sufficient to form an ignitible mix- ASTM D 3065, Standard Test Methods for Flammability of Aero- ture with air near the surface of the liquid or the solid. --```,`,```,`,,,``,,,``,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- sol Products, 2006 3.3.5* Frostbite. Frostbite is a localized condition that occurs ASTM D 6668, Standard Test Method for the Discrimination when the layers of the skin and deeper tissue freeze. Between Flammibility Ratings of F = 0 and F = 1, 2006. 3.3.6 Materials. 2.3.2 UN Publications. United Nations, UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017. 3.3.6.1 Stable Materials. Those materials that normally have the capacity to resist changes in their chemical composition, Manual of Tests and Criteria, 5th revised edition. despite exposure to air, water, and heat as encountered in fire Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Model emergencies. Regulations, 12th revised edition. 3.3.6.2 Unstable Materials. A material that, in the pure state 2.3.3 U.S. Government Publications. U.S. Government Print- or as commercially produced, will vigorously polymerize, de- ing Office, Washington, DC 20402. compose or condense, become self-reactive, or otherwise undergo a violent chemical change under conditions of shock, Title 16, Code of Federal Regulations, “Method for Deter- pressure, or temperature. mining Flammable and Extremely Flammable Contents of Self-Pressurized Containers,” Part 1500.45. 3.3.7 Simple Asphyxiant Gas. A gas that does not provide sufficient oxygen to support life and that has none of the other Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, “Method of Testing physical or health hazards. [1, 2012] for Sustained Combustibility,” Part 173, Appendix H. 2.3.4 Other Publications. Chapter 4 General Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition, Merriam- Webster, Inc., Springfield, MA, 2003. 4.1 Description. 2.4 References for Extracts in Mandatory Sections. 4.1.1 This system of markings shall identify the hazards of a NFPA 1, Fire Code, 2012 edition. material in terms of the following three principal categories: NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 2012 (1) Health edition. (2) Flammability NFPA 55, Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code, 2010 (3) Instability edition. 4.1.2 The system shall indicate the degree of severity by a numerical rating that ranges from 4, indicating severe hazard, Chapter 3 Definitions to 0, indicating minimal hazard. 4.1.3 The information shall be presented by a spatial arrange- 3.1 General. The definitions contained in this chapter shall ment of numerical ratings, with the health rating always at the apply to the terms used in this standard. Where terms are not nine o’clock position, the flammability rating always at the twelve defined in this chapter or within another chapter, they shall o’clock position, and the instability rating always at the three be defined using their ordinarily accepted meanings within o’clock position. the context in which they are used. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition, shall be the source for the ordinarily 4.1.4* Each rating shall be located in a square-on-point field accepted meaning. (commonly referred to as a diamond), each of which is assigned a color as follows: 3.2 NFPA Official Definitions. (1) Blue for health hazard 3.2.1* Approved. Acceptable to the authority having juris- (2) Red for flammability hazard diction. (3) Yellow for instability hazard 3.2.2* Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). An organization, 4.1.5 Alternatively, the square-on-point field shall be permit- office, or individual responsible for enforcing the requirements ted to be any convenient contrasting color and the numbers of a code or standard, or for approving equipment, materials, an themselves shall be permitted to be colored. (See Figure 9.1(a) installation, or a procedure. through Figure 9.1(c) for examples of the spatial arrangements.) 3.2.3 Shall. Indicates a mandatory requirement. 4.1.6 The fourth quadrant, at the six o’clock position, shall be reserved for indicating special hazards and shall be in ac- 3.3 General Definitions. cordance with Chapter 8. No special color is associated with 3.3.1* Boiling Point. The temperature at which the vapor pres- this quadrant. sure of a liquid equals the surrounding atmospheric pressure. 4.2 Assignment of Ratings. [30, 2012] 4.2.1 The hazard evaluation required to determine the correct 3.3.2 Cryogenic Fluid. A fluid with a boiling point lower than hazard ratings for a specific material shall be performed by per- −130°F (−90°C) at an absolute pressure of 14.7 psi (101.3 kPa). sons who are technically competent and experienced in the in- [55, 2010] terpretation of the hazard criteria set forth in this standard. 2012 EditionCopyright National Fire Protection AssociationProvided by IHS under license with NFPA Licensee=PDVSA - Puerto La Cruz site 5/9986712010No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 02/14/2012 12:42:03 MST

9. 704–6 IDENTIFICATION OF THE HAZARDS OF MATERIALS FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE 4.2.2* Assignment of ratings shall be based on factors that (2) Each access to a room or area encompass a knowledge of the inherent hazards of the ma- (3) Each principal means of access to an exterior storage area terial, including the extent of change in behavior to be anticipated under conditions of exposure to fire or fire control procedures. Chapter 5 Health Hazards 4.2.3 The system shall be based on relative rather than absolute values, requiring that considerable judgment be exercised. 5.1 General. 4.2.3.1 Based on professional judgment, the hazard rating 5.1.1* This chapter shall address the capability of a material to shall be permitted to be either increased or decreased to cause personal injury due to contact with or entry into the more accurately assess the likely degree of hazard that will body via inhalation, skin contact, eye contact, or ingestion. be encountered. 5.1.2 Injury resulting from the heat of a fire or from the force 4.2.3.2* It shall be anticipated that different physical forms of of an explosion shall not be considered. the material or conditions of storage and use could result in 5.1.3* Health hazards that can result from chronic or re- different ratings being assigned to the same material. peated long-term exposure to low concentrations of a hazard- 4.2.3.3* Where more than one chemical is present in a build- ous material shall not be considered. ing or specific area, professional judgment shall be exercised 5.1.4* If the oral toxicity values indicate a health hazard rating to indicate ratings using the following methods: that is significantly different from other, more likely routes of (1) Composite Method. Where many chemicals are present, a exposure or if the oral toxicity values would tend to either single sign shall summarize the maximum ratings con- exaggerate or minimize the hazards likely to be encountered, tributed by the material(s) in each category and the then professional judgment shall be exercised in assigning the special hazard category for the building and/or the health hazard rating. area. (2) Individual Method. Where only a few chemicals are 5.1.5* For purposes of assigning the health hazard rating, only present or where only a few chemicals are of concern to the inherent physical and toxic properties of the material shall emergency responders (taking into account factors in- be considered. However, if the combustion or decomposition cluding physical form, hazard rating, and quantity), in- products are known, are generated in significant quantities, dividual signs shall be displayed. The chemical name and present a significantly greater degree of risk, they shall be shall be displayed below each sign. rated accordingly. (3) Composite–Individual Combined Method. A single sign shall 5.1.6 The degree of hazard shall indicate to fire-fighting and be used to summarize the ratings via the Composite emergency response personnel one of the following: Method for buildings or other areas containing numerous chemicals. Signs based on the Individual Method (1) They can work safely in the area only with specialized pro- shall be used for rooms or smaller areas within the tective equipment. building containing small numbers of chemicals. (2) They can work safely in the area with suitable respiratory protective equipment. 4.2.3.4* When mixtures of chemicals are being rated, actual --```,`,```,`,,,``,,,``,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- data on the mixture itself shall be used to obtain the ratings (3) They can work safely in the area with ordinary clothing. for health, flammability, and instability. 5.2* Degrees of Hazard. The degrees of health hazard shall be 4.3* Location of Signs. Signs shall be in locations approved by ranked according to the probable severity of the effects of expo- the authority having jurisdiction and as a minimum shall be sure to emergency response personnel detailed in Table 5.2. posted at the following locations: 5.2.1 Data from all routes of exposure shall be considered (1) Two exterior walls or enclosures containing a means of when applying professional judgment to assign a health haz- access to a building or facility ard rating. Table 5.2 Degrees of Health Hazards Degree of Hazard* Criteria† 4 — Materials that, under emergency Gases whose LC50 for acute inhalation toxicity is less than or equal to 1000 parts per conditions, can be lethal million (ppm) Any liquid whose saturated vapor concentration at 20°C (68°F) is equal to or greater than 10 times its LC50 for acute inhalation toxicity, if its LC50 is less than or equal to 1000 ppm Dusts and mists whose LC50 for acute inhalation toxicity is less than or equal to 0.5 milligram per liter (mg/L) Materials whose LD50 for acute dermal toxicity is less than or equal to 40 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) Materials whose LD50 for acute oral toxicity is less than or equal to 5 mg/kg 2012 EditionCopyright National Fire Protection AssociationProvided by IHS under license with NFPA Licensee=PDVSA - Puerto La Cruz site 5/9986712010No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 02/14/2012 12:42:03 MST

10. HEALTH HAZARDS 704–7 Table 5.2 Continued Degree of Hazard* Criteria† 3 — Materials that, under emergency Gases whose LC50 for acute inhalation toxicity is greater than 1000 ppm but less than or conditions, can cause serious or equal to 3000 ppm permanent injury Any liquid whose saturated vapor concentration at 20°C (68°F) is equal to or greater than its LC50 for acute inhalation toxicity, if its LC50 is less than or equal to 3000 ppm, and that does not meet the criteria for degree of hazard 4 Dusts and mists whose LC50 for acute inhalation toxicity is greater than 0.5 mg/L but less than or equal to 2 mg/L Materials whose LD50 for acute dermal toxicity is greater than 40 mg/kg but less than or equal to 200 mg/kg Materials that are corrosive to the respiratory tract Materials that are corrosive to the eye or cause irreversible corneal opacity Materials that are corrosive to skin Cryogenic fluids that cause frostbite and irreversible tissue damage Compressed liquefied gases with boiling points at or below −55°C (−66.5°F) that cause frostbite and irreversible tissue damage Materials whose LD50 for acute oral toxicity is greater than 5 mg/kg but less than or equal to 50 mg/kg 2 — Materials that, under emergency Gases whose LC50 for acute inhalation toxicity is greater than 3000 ppm but less than or conditions, can cause temporary equal to 5000 ppm incapacitation or residual injury --```,`,```,`,,,``,,,``,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Any liquid whose saturated vapor concentration at 20°C (68°F) is equal to or greater than one-fifth its LC50 for acute inhalation toxicity, if its LC50 is less than or equal to 5000 ppm, and that does not meet the criteria for either degree of hazard 3 or degree of hazard 4 Dusts and mists whose LC50 for acute inhalation toxicity is greater than 2 mg/L but less than or equal to 10 mg/L Materials whose LD50 for acute dermal toxicity is greater than 200 mg/kg but less than or equal to 1000 mg/kg Compressed liquefied gases with boiling points between −30°C (−22°F) and −55°C (−66.5°F) that can cause severe tissue damage on contact, depending on duration of exposure Materials that are respiratory irritants Materials that cause severe but reversible irritation to the eyes or lacrimators Materials that are primary skin irritants or sensitizers Materials whose LD50 for acute oral toxicity is greater than 50 mg/kg but less than or equal to 500 mg/kg 1 — Materials that, under emergency Gases and vapors whose LC50 for acute inhalation toxicity is greater than 5000 ppm but less conditions, can cause significant than or equal to 10,000 ppm irritation Dusts and mists whose LC50 for acute inhalation toxicity is greater than 10 mg/L but less than or equal to 200 mg/L Materials whose LD50 for acute dermal toxicity is greater than 1000 mg/kg but less than or equal to 2000 mg/kg Materials that cause slight to moderate irritation to the respiratory tract, eyes, and skin Materials whose LD50 for acute oral toxicity is greater than 500 mg/kg but less than or equal to 2000 mg/kg (continues) 2012 EditionCopyright National Fire Protection AssociationProvided by IHS under license with NFPA Licensee=PDVSA - Puerto La Cruz site 5/9986712010No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 02/14/2012 12:42:03 MST

11. 704–8 IDENTIFICATION OF THE HAZARDS OF MATERIALS FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE Table 5.2 Continued Degree of Hazard* Criteria† 0 — Materials that, under emergency Gases and vapors whose LC50 for acute inhalation toxicity is greater than 10,000 ppm conditions, would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary Dusts and mists whose LC50 for acute inhalation toxicity is greater than 200 mg/L combustible materials Materials whose LD50 for acute dermal toxicity is greater than 2000 mg/kg Materials whose LD50 for acute oral toxicity is greater than 2000 mg/kg Materials that are essentially nonirritating to the respiratory tract, eyes, and skin *For each degree of hazard, the criteria are listed in a priority order based on the likelihood of exposure. † See Section B.3 for definitions of LC50 and LD50. Chapter 6 Flammability Hazards 6.1.2* Because many materials will burn under one set of conditions but will not burn under others, the form or condition of the material shall be considered, along with its inherent properties. 6.1 General. 6.2* Degrees of Hazard. The degrees of flammability hazard 6.1.1 This chapter shall address the degree of susceptibility of shall be ranked according to the susceptibility of materials to materials to burning. burning detailed in Table 6.2. Table 6.2 Degrees of Flammability Hazards Degree of Hazard Criteria 4 — Materials that rapidly or completely Flammable gases vaporize at atmospheric pressure and normal ambient temperature or that are readily Flammable cryogenic materials dispersed in air and burn readily Any liquid or gaseous material that is liquid while under pressure and has a flash point below 22.8°C (73°F) and a boiling point below 37.8°C (100°F) (i.e., Class IA liquids) Materials that ignite spontaneously when exposed to air Solids containing greater than 0.5 percent by weight of a flammable or combustible solvent are rated by the closed cup flash point of the solvent. 3 — Liquids and solids (including finely Liquids having a flash point below 22.8°C (73°F) and a boiling point at or divided suspended solids) that can be ignited above 37.8°C (100°F) and those liquids having a flash point at or above under almost all ambient temperature 22.8°C (73°F) and below 37.8°C (100°F) (i.e., Class IB and Class IC liquids) conditions. Materials in this degree produce hazardous atmospheres with air under almost Finely divided solids, typically less than 75 micrometers (µm) (200 mesh), that all ambient temperatures or, though present an elevated risk of forming an ignitible dust cloud, such as finely unaffected by ambient temperatures, are divided sulfur, National Electrical Code Group E dusts (e.g., aluminum, readily ignited under almost all conditions. zirconium, and titanium), and bis-phenol A See Annex D for more information on ranking of combustible dusts. Materials that burn with extreme rapidity, usually by reason of self-contained oxygen (e.g., dry nitrocellulose and many organic peroxides) Solids containing greater than 0.5 percent by weight of a flammable or combustible solvent are rated by the closed cup flash point of the solvent. --```,`,```,`,,,``,,,``,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 2012 EditionCopyright National Fire Protection AssociationProvided by IHS under license with NFPA Licensee=PDVSA - Puerto La Cruz site 5/9986712010No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 02/14/2012 12:42:03 MST

12. FLAMMABILITY HAZARDS 704–9 Table 6.2 Continued Degree of Hazard Criteria 2 — Materials that must be moderately heated Liquids having a flash point at or above 37.8°C (100°F) and below 93.4°C or exposed to relatively high ambient (200°F) (i.e., Class II and Class IIIA liquids) temperatures before ignition can occur. Under normal conditions, these materials Finely divided solids less than 420 µm (40 mesh) that present an ordinary risk would not form hazardous atmospheres with of forming an ignitible dust cloud air, but under high ambient temperatures or under moderate heating they could release Solid materials in a flake, fibrous, or shredded form that burn rapidly and vapor in sufficient quantities to produce create flash fire hazards, such as cotton, sisal, and hemp hazardous atmospheres with air. Materials in this degree also include finely divided Solids and semisolids that readily give off flammable vapors suspended solids that do not require heating before ignition can occur. See Annex D for more information on ranking of combustible Solids containing greater than 0.5 percent by weight of a flammable or dusts. combustible solvent are rated by the closed cup flash point of the solvent. 1 — Materials that must be preheated before Materials that will burn in air when exposed to a temperature of 815.5°C ignition can occur. Materials in this degree (1500°F) for a period of 5 minutes in accordance with ASTM D 6668, require considerable preheating, under all Standard Test Method for the Discrimination Between Flammability Ratings of F = 0 ambient temperature conditions, before and F = 1 ignition and combustion can occur. Materials in this degree also include finely divided Liquids, solids, and semisolids having a flash point at or above 93.4°C (200°F) suspended solids that do not require heating (i.e., Class IIIB liquids) before ignition can occur. See Annex D for more information on ranking of combustible Liquids with a flash point greater than 35°C (95°F) that do not sustain dusts. combustion when tested using the “Method of Testing for Sustained Combustibility,” per 49 CFR 173, Appendix H, or the UN publications Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Model Regulations and Manual of Tests and Criteria Liquids with a flash point greater than 35°C (95°F) in a water-miscible solution or dispersion with a water noncombustible liquid/solid content of more than 85 percent by weight Liquids that have no fire point when tested by ASTM D 92, Standard Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup, up to the boiling point of the liquid or up to a temperature at which the sample being tested shows an obvious physical change --```,`,```,`,,,``,,,``,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Combustible pellets, powders, or granules greater than 420 µm (40 mesh) Finely divided solids less than 420 µm (40 mesh) that are nonexplosible in air at ambient conditions, such as low volatile carbon black and polyvinylchloride (PVC) Most ordinary combustible materials Solids containing greater than 0.5 percent by weight of a flammable or combustible solvent are rated by the closed cup flash point of the solvent. 0 — Materials that will not burn under typical Materials that will not burn in air when exposed to a temperature of 816°C fire conditions, including intrinsically (1500°F) for a period of 5 minutes in accordance with ASTM D 6668, noncombustible materials such as concrete, Standard Test Method for the Discrimination Between Flammability Ratings of F = 0 stone, and sand. and F = 1 2012 EditionCopyright National Fire Protection AssociationProvided by IHS under license with NFPA Licensee=PDVSA - Puerto La Cruz site 5/9986712010No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 02/14/2012 12:42:03 MST

13. 704–10 IDENTIFICATION OF THE HAZARDS OF MATERIALS FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE • 6.3 Aerosols. Aerosol products shall be rated based on the 7.1.4* Because of the wide variations of unintentional combi- flash point or boiling point of the contents of the container or nations possible in fire or other emergencies, these extrane- the results of the flame projection test as defined by ASTM D ous hazard factors (except for the effect of water) shall not be 3065, Standard Test Methods for Flammability of Aerosol Products, or applied to a general numerical rating of hazards. Where large 16 CFR 1500.45, “Method for Determining Flammable and quantities of materials are stored together, inadvertent mixing Extremely Flammable Contents of Self-Pressurized Contain- shall be considered in order to establish appropriate separa- ers,” whichever is the higher degree of hazard. tion or isolation. 6.3.1 An aerosol material having a flame projection of 457 mm 7.1.5 The degree of instability hazard shall indicate to fire- (18 in.) or more when tested in accordance with ASTM D 3065, fighting and emergency personnel whether the area shall be Standard Test Methods for Flammability of Aerosol Products, or 16 CFR evacuated, whether a fire shall be fought from a protected loca- 1500.45, “Method for Determining Flammable and Extremely tion, whether caution shall be used in approaching a spill or fire Flammable Contents of Self-Pressurized Containers,” shall be to apply extinguishing agents, or whether a fire can be fought ranked at a degree hazard of at least 3. using normal procedures. 7.2 Degrees of Hazard. The degrees of hazard shall be ranked according to ease, rate, and quantity of energy release of the Chapter 7 Instability Hazards material in pure or commercial form detailed in Table 7.2. 7.1 General. 7.1.1* This chapter shall address the degree of hazard due to reaction with ambient air, light, or both, and the degree of Chapter 8 Special Hazards intrinsic susceptibility of materials to release energy by self- reaction or polymerization. 8.1 General. • 7.1.2* Reaction with ambient air shall include the ability to 8.1.1* This chapter shall address water reactivity and oxidizing form hazardous peroxides and the ability to generate suffi- properties of the materials that cause special problems or re- cient release of energy to cause a hazard. quire special fire-fighting techniques. 7.1.3 Water reactivity shall be assessed in accordance with 8.1.2 Special hazard symbols shall be shown in the fourth space Chapter 8. of the sign or immediately above or below the entire sign. Table 7.2 Degrees of Instability Hazards Degree of Hazard Criteria 4 — Materials that in themselves are Materials that are sensitive to localized thermal or mechanical shock at normal readily capable of detonation or temperatures and pressures explosive decomposition or explosive reaction at normal temperatures and Materials that have an instantaneous power density (product of heat of reaction and pressures reaction rate) at 250°C (482°F) of 1000 W/mL or greater 3 — Materials that in themselves are Materials that have an instantaneous power density (product of heat of reaction and capable of detonation or explosive reaction rate) at 250°C (482°F) at or above 100 W/mL and below 1000 W/mL decomposition or explosive reaction but that require a strong initiating Materials that are sensitive to thermal or mechanical shock at elevated temperatures source or must be heated under and pressures confinement before initiation 2 — Materials that readily undergo Materials that have an instantaneous power density (product of heat of reaction and violent chemical change at elevated reaction rate) at 250°C (482°F) at or above 10 W/mL and below 100 W/mL temperatures and pressures Materials that exhibit an exotherm at temperatures less than or equal to 150°C (302°F) when tested by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) 1 — Materials that in themselves are Materials that have an instantaneous power density (product of heat of reaction and normally stable but that can become reaction rate) at 250°C (482°F) at or above 0.01 W/mL and below 10 W/mL unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures Materials that exhibit an exotherm at temperatures greater than 150°C (302°F) but less than or equal to 300°C (604°F) when tested by differential scanning calorimetry 0 — Materials that in themselves are Materials that have an instantaneous power density (product of heat of reaction and normally stable, even under fire reaction rate) at 250°C (482°F) below 0.01 W/mL conditions Materials that exhibit an exotherm at temperatures greater than 300°C (604°F) but less than or equal to 500°C (932°F) when tested by differential scanning calorimetry Materials that do not exhibit an exotherm at temperatures less than or equal to 500°C (932°F) when tested by differential scanning calorimetry 2012 Edition --```,`,```,`,,,``,,,``,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---Copyright National Fire Protection AssociationProvided by IHS under license with NFPA Licensee=PDVSA - Puerto La Cruz site 5/9986712010No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 02/14/2012 12:42:03 MST

14. IDENTIFICATION OF MATERIALS BY HAZARD RATING SYSTEM 704–11 8.2 Symbols. Special hazards shall be represented by a spatial ar- 8.2.4* Materials that are simple asphyxiant gases shall be permit- rangement denoted by symbols always at the six o’clock position. ted to be identified with the letters “SA” and shall be limited to the following gases: nitrogen, helium, neon, argon, krypton, and 8.2.1* Materials that react violently or explosively with water xenon. (i.e., water reactivity rating 2 or 3) shall be identified by the letter “W” with a horizontal line through the center ( W ). 8.2.2* Materials that possess oxidizing properties shall be Chapter 9 Identification of Materials by Hazard identified by the letters “OX.” Rating System 8.2.3* For chemicals requiring both “special hazard” symbols (i.e., W and OX), the W shall be displayed inside the special 9.1 Symbol Arrangement. One of the systems delineated in hazards quadrant, and the OX shall be displayed directly be- Figure 9.1(a), Figure 9.1(b), or Figure 9.1(c) shall be used for low or adjacent to the special hazards quadrant. the implementation of this standard. Adhesive-backed plastic background pieces; Flammability White painted background or one needed for each numeral, three needed for hazard rating — white paper or card stock each complete hazard rating red Health Instability 4 --```,`,```,`,,,``,,,``,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- hazard rating — 4 hazard rating — blue 4 yellow 2 3 2 3 2 3 OX Special hazard W (a) For use where specified (b) For use where white (c) For use where white color background is used with background is necessary background is used with painted numerals of contrasting colors numerals or for use when hazard rating is in the form of sign or placard FIGURE 9.1(a) Alternative Arrangements for Display of NFPA 704 Hazard Identification System. Minimum dimensions of white background for hazard ratings A A (white background is optional) Size of hazard ratings B H W T A B B 25 (1) 18 (0.7) 4 (⁵⁄₃₂) 64 (2¹⁄₂) 32 (1¹⁄₄) 51 (2) 36 (1.4) 8 (⁵⁄₁₆) 127 (5) 64 (2¹⁄₂) 76 (3) 53 (2.1) 12 (¹⁵⁄₃₂) 191 (7¹⁄₂) 95 (3³⁄₄) 102 (4) 71 (2.8) 16 (⁵⁄₈) 254 (10) 127 (5) 152 (6) 107 (4.2) 24 (¹⁵⁄₁₆) 381 (15) 191 (7¹⁄₂) All dimensions given in mm (in.) Where painted (use same Where made from Exception: For containers with a capacity of dimensions for sign or adhesive-backed plastic (one 3.78 L (1 gal) or less, symbols can be reduced placard) for each numeral, three in size, provided the following: necessary for each complete (1) The reduction is proportionate. hazard rating) (2) The color coding is retained. (3) The vertical and horizontal dimensions of Color of numerals 1, 2, 3, 4 the diamond are not less than 25 mm (1 in.). should be as indicated. (4) The individual numbers are no smaller than 3.2 mm (¹⁄₈ in.) tall. 01 23 4 T T H T T W W W Note: Style of numerals shown is optional. FIGURE 9.1(b) Dimensions of NFPA 704 Placard and Numerals. 2012 EditionCopyright National Fire Protection AssociationProvided by IHS under license with NFPA Licensee=PDVSA - Puerto La Cruz site 5/9986712010No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 02/14/2012 12:42:03 MST

15. 704–12 IDENTIFICATION OF THE HAZARDS OF MATERIALS FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE Arrangement and order of hazard ratings chief; fire marshal; chief of a fire prevention bureau, labor de- optional form of application partment, or health department; building official; electrical in- spector; or others having statutory authority. For insurance pur- Distance at which hazard Minimum size of hazard poses, an insurance inspection department, rating bureau, or ratings are legible ratings required other insurance company representative may be the authority 15.24 m (50 ft) 25 mm (1 in.) having jurisdiction. In many circumstances, the property owner 22.86 m (75 ft) 51 mm (2 in.) or his or her designated agent assumes the role of the authority 30.48 m (100 ft) 76 mm (3 in.) having jurisdiction; at government installations, the command- 60.96 m (200 ft) 102 mm (4 in.) 91.44 m (300 ft) 152 mm (6 in.) ing officer or departmental official may be the authority having jurisdiction. Note: This shows the correct spatial arrangement and order of hazard ratings used for identification of A.3.3.1 Boiling Point. For single-component liquids at the materials by hazard. boiling point, the surrounding atmospheric pressure can no longer hold the liquid in the liquid state and the liquid boils. A low boiling point is indicative of a high vapor pressure and a high rate of evaporation. 4 Where an accurate boiling point is unavailable for the ma- 3 1 terial in question or for mixtures that do not have a constant W OX boiling point, for purposes of this standard the 20 percent point of a distillation performed in accordance with ASTM D 86, Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure, can be used as the boiling point of the liquid. The user is warned that this definition of boiling point is inconsistent with that given in other flammability classification systems that generally use the initial boiling point of the distillation curve. Therefore, boiling points assigned for mixtures by these different classification systems are not inter- FIGURE 9.1(c) Minimum Size of Numerals for Legibility at changeable. For more information, see Britton, “Survey of Distance. Fire Hazard Classification Systems for Liquids.” A.3.3.4 Flash Point. Flash point is a direct measure of a liquid’s volatility, that is, its tendency to vaporize. The lower the Annex A Explanatory Material flash point, the greater the volatility and the greater the risk of fire. Flash point is determined using one of several different Annex A is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document test procedures and apparatus that are specified. but is included for informational purposes only. This annex contains explanatory material, numbered to correspond with the applicable text A.3.3.5 Frostbite. Frostbite causes the skin to have a pale paragraphs. waxy-white appearance, and the tissue becomes numb and A.1.3.2 The Technical Committee on Classification and hard. The blood vessels in the affected area constrict and de- Properties of Hazardous Chemical Data recognizes that the crease circulation. Ice crystals then form in the tissue and potential exists for certain materials to cause a carcinogenic or cause structural damage, with death of the affected cells. teratogenic effect from acute exposure(s). However, sufficient In mild cases where ice crystal formation has not yet occurred data are not available to this committee to allow for the devel- or is very limited, recovery is usually complete, and circulation opment of numerical ratings based on carcinogenic or terato- and tissue will revert to their normal state. Depending on the genic potential. depth at which the tissue freezes, four degrees of severity can be distinguished. The first and second degrees of severity are limited A.3.2.1 Approved. The National Fire Protection Association to the top layers of skin where circulation is impaired. The sec- does not approve, inspect, or certify any installations, proce- ond degree of severity results in blistering of the skin. Both the dures, equipment, or materials; nor does it approve or evalu- first- and second-degree levels do not extend beyond the top lay- ate testing laboratories. In determining the acceptability of ers of the skin, and tissue death is limited. The third degree of installations, procedures, equipment, or materials, the author- severity involves tissue death below the skin layers. The fourth ity having jurisdiction may base acceptance on compliance with NFPA or other appropriate standards. In the absence of and most severe degree results in deep-tissue death that involves such standards, said authority may require evidence of proper the muscle, tendon, and bone. installation, procedure, or use. The authority having jurisdic- When exposure to cold is prolonged or extremely low tem- tion may also refer to the listings or labeling practices of an peratures are encountered as in the case of unprotected con- organization that is concerned with product evaluations and is tact with cryogenic fluids, irreversible tissue damage generally thus in a position to determine compliance with appropriate occurs. In the more severe cases of frostbite, tissue viability is standards for the current production of listed items. affected, resulting in tissue death. Depending on the severity of tissue damage and the location affected, surgical removal or A.3.2.2 Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). The phrase “au- amputation of affected tissue or extremity can be necessary. thority having jurisdiction,” or its acronym AHJ, is used in NFPA documents in a broad manner, since jurisdictions and approval A.4.1.4 No specific color shade is recommended, but the agencies vary, as do their responsibilities. Where public safety is blue, red, and yellow used must provide adequate contrast so primary, the authority having jurisdiction may be a federal, state, that the rating numbers are easily identified. Many environ- local, or other regional department or individual such as a fire mental conditions can affect the stability of the colors. 2012 Edition --```,`,```,`,,,``,,,``,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---Copyright National Fire Protection AssociationProvided by IHS under license with NFPA Licensee=PDVSA - Puerto La Cruz site 5/9986712010No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 02/14/2012 12:42:03 MST

16. ANNEX A 704–13 A.4.2.2 The NFPA 704 ratings are applied to numerous chemi- reducing agent with an oxidizing agent. This compares directly cals in the NFPA Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, which to mixing a fuel with an oxidizer. In this example, a green pig- contains the withdrawn standards NFPA 49, Hazardous Chemicals ment was manufactured by mixing the yellow pigment lead chro- Data, and NFPA 325, Guide to Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable mate with the blue pigment ferric ferrocyanide. During fine Liquids, Gases, and Volatile Solids. These were withdrawn as NFPA grinding in a hammer mill, the mixture ignited and deflagrated, standards (and are therefore no longer published in the National resulting in a severe fire. Chemists recognize lead chromate as an Fire Codes®). However, they are maintained by NFPA staff in a oxidizing agent and ferric ferrocyanide as a reducing agent. In database that will be available to the public electronically in the the NFPA rating system, although lead chromate should be la- future and in updates of the NFPA Fire Protection Guide to Hazard- beled an oxidizer (OX) in the special hazards quadrant, there is ous Materials. The Committee wishes to note that those docu- no corresponding provision for labeling reducing agents, such as ments were withdrawn solely for expediency in updating the ferric ferrocyanide. While the individual components involved data, which was not possible in a 3- to 5-year revision cycle. both have NFPA instability ratings of 0 or 1, the mixture could have a higher instability rating up to 3, depending on the ratio of A.4.2.3.2 Due to the large number of variables, the require- the components and the intimacy of mixing. ments and guidance presented in this standard are general in nature and are limited to the most important and common Flammability ratings should be based on measured flash factors. For example, although flash point is the primary crite- point rather than an estimated value, because the mixture’s flash rion for assigning the flammability rating, other criteria could point and boiling point can be readily tested and quantified. In be of equal importance. For example, autoignition tempera- advance of testing, the flash point for a mixture can be predicted ture, flammability limits, and susceptibility of a container to using the method described in Hanley, “A Model for the Calcula- failure due to fire exposure also should be considered. For tion and the Verification of Closed Cup Flash Points for Multi- instability, the emphasis is on the ease by which an energy- component Mixtures.” The flammability rating is determined releasing reaction is triggered. These factors should all be con- per Annex C. sidered when calling on one’s judgment during the assign- A.4.3 The quantity and location of NFPA 704 placards are based ment of ratings. on factors such as fire department response and access; fire de- A.4.2.3.3 The purpose of the Composite Method is to charac- partment operations; location, configuration, size, and arrange- terize the hazards as simply as possible where many chemicals ment of storage areas; location, configuration, and construction are present. The sign reflects the rating for the area, not for of the buildings; and other factors. The authority having jurisdic- individual chemicals. For example, say a building contains mation should be consulted regarding the placement of identifica- terials with individual chemical ratings of 1-2-1 OX, 1-2-2 W , tion to assist in response to incidents at the location. 3-1-2, and 2-3-4, and a specific area of the building contains A.5.1.1 See Annex B for additional health hazard rating back- individual chemicals with ratings of 1-2-1 OX and 2-3-4. This ground information. situation would result in the following: A.5.1.3 In general, the health hazard that results from a fire (1) The building would be placarded as 3-3-4 OX W . or other emergency condition is one of acute (single) short- (2) This specific area would be placarded as 2-3-4 OX. term exposure to a concentration of a hazardous material. Using the Individual Method for the same building con- This exposure can vary from a few seconds to as long as 1 hour. taining the same chemicals, there would be four signs with the The physical exertion demanded by fire fighting or other following ratings: 1-2-1 OX, 1-2-2 W , 3-1-2, and 2-3-4. Each emergency activity can be expected to intensify the effects of sign would include the chemical name below the sign. any exposure. In addition, the hazard under ambient condi- The specific area of the building would have two signs with tions will likely be exaggerated at elevated temperatures. the ratings of 1-2-1 OX and 2-3-4, each of which would include A.5.1.4 The oral route of exposure (i.e., ingestion) is highly the chemical name below the sign. It should be recognized --```,`,```,`,,,``,,,``,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- unlikely under the conditions anticipated by this standard. In that the purpose of the standard is for recognition of hazards such cases, other routes of entry should be considered to be in an emergency; therefore, the number of signs displayed in a more appropriate in assessing the hazard. Similarly, inhalation of single place generally should not exceed five. dusts and mists is unlikely under the conditions anticipated by The Composite–Individual Combined Method allows users this standard. In such cases, the health hazard ratings should also to utilize the best features of the other two methods. The out- be based on data for the more likely routes of exposure. side of the building, enclosure, or area is posted with a single A.5.1.5 Some materials have products of combustion or decom- Composite sign for quick recognition of the overall hazards. position that present a significantly greater degree of hazard than Areas or rooms within the building are posted using either the the inherent physical and toxic properties of the original mate- Individual Method or the Composite Method, depending on rial. The degree of hazard is dependent on the conditions at the the number of chemicals they contain. time of the incident. In limited cases, NFPA 49, Hazardous Chemi- A.4.2.3.4 In the absence of data on the specific mixture, the cals Data, provides information on the hazardous products of most conservative rating (numerically highest) for each com- combustion or decomposition. (Note: Although NFPA 49, has ponent of the mixture for health and instability should be been officially withdrawn from the National Fire Codes, the infor- used, with adjustment for professional judgment in accor- mation is still available in the NFPA Fire Protection Guide to Hazard- dance with 4.2.3. The synergistic effects or reactions of the ous Materials.) components of the mixture should also be considered when In general, the Technical Committee on Classification and assigning the ratings. Properties of Hazardous Chemical Data does not consider elevat- When different materials are mixed together, the instability ing ratings based on decomposition or combustion products ex- hazard of the mixture can be entirely different from those of the cept for unusual circumstances. An example where the health individual components. An example discussed by Stull, “Funda- rating could conceivably be increased is vinylidene chloride. mentals of Fire and Explosion,” is the unrecognized mixing of a Vinylidene chloride can emit a significant amount of phosgene 2012 EditionCopyright National Fire Protection AssociationProvided by IHS under license with NFPA Licensee=PDVSA - Puerto La Cruz site 5/9986712010No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 02/14/2012 12:42:03 MST

17. 704–14 IDENTIFICATION OF THE HAZARDS OF MATERIALS FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE under fire conditions, and under certain storage and use condi- these additional symbols are not defined by the standard, tions, the rating of 2 could be increased to 4 for health. Another emergency responders might not recognize their significance. example is polyvinyl chloride, which emits hydrogen chloride and possibly chlorine under fire conditions. The rating of 0 or 1 A.8.2.1 Guidance on use of the W symbol and other associ- could be increased to 3 or 4 for health. Conditions play a large ated information are located in Annex F, Water Reactivity part in any rating, as noted in Section 4.2, and professional judg- Identification Criteria. ment should be exercised. A.8.2.2 For further information on oxidizers, including oxi- A.5.2 Certain materials upon release can cause frostbite. Frost- dizer classes, see NFPA 400, Hazardous Materials Code. bite, as a health hazard, should be related to the skin/eye com- The severity of the hazard posed by an oxidizer can be ranked ponent of the health hazard rating criteria. according to the classification system presented in NFPA 400. This numerical class can be included in the special hazards quad- A.6.1.2 The definitions for liquid classifications are found in rant of the NFPA 704 placard. For example, because ammonium NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code. permanganate is a Class 4 oxidizer (per NFPA 400), the special Solids should normally be rated as pellets unless the form hazards quadrant would be marked OX 4 to better define the and handling conditions of the solid require otherwise. hazard. A.6.2 For water-miscible solutions and liquids that do not The adding of the quantification of the oxidation helps to sustain combustion in accordance with the hazard rating better define the hazard. For example, both manganese dioxide 1 criteria, the individual performing the hazard evaluation (NFPA 400, Class 1) and ammonium permanganate (NFPA 400, should recognize that in large vapor spaces, evaporation of Class 4) would be listed under the current system as OX in the volatile components of the mixture can create a flammable NFPA 704 system, with no information on the degree of hazard. mixture, which could increase the fire or explosion hazard. A.8.2.3 Both the W and the OX are special hazards. How- This could occur even though the bulk material meets the ever, the W rating should be ranked as the primary special aforementioned criteria. hazard by display of the W symbol inside the special hazards In the case of mixtures stored in noninerted tanks where quadrant, because it is deemed more important from a fire- the vapor space can contain ignitible vapor, the flammability fighting perspective. The Committee recognizes that water rating should be based exclusively on a closed cup flash point application is a common first approach to fire fighting. Re- test. In some cases, even solutions containing less than 1 per- sponders need to be immediately alerted to the W rating cent volatile flammable materials could produce ignitible at- and should not apply water without understanding the conse- mospheres (Britton). quences of that action. The OX is still important but is A.7.1.1 The violence of a reaction or decomposition can be secondary and is displayed outside the quadrant, as shown in increased by heat or pressure. The violence of a reaction or de- Figure 9.1(c). composition can also be increased by mixing with other materials A.8.2.4 See 3.3.7 for the definition of simple asphyxiant gas. to form fuel–oxidizer combinations or by contact with incompat- --```,`,```,`,,,``,,,``,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Gases that are simple asphyxiants can displace the amount of ible substances, sensitizing contaminants, or catalysts. oxygen in the air necessary to support life. Because these gases A.7.1.2 Hazardous peroxides can form due to concentration are colorless and odorless and offer no warning properties, of the original material via evaporation or by separation of the the SA symbol added to the NFPA 704 diamond will alert re- peroxide if it is insoluble in the original material. For addi- sponders to the potential hazard. tional information on peroxides, see NFPA 400, Hazardous Ma- terials Code. • A.7.1.4 The hazards of inadvertent mixing can be addressed by Annex B Health Hazard Rating a chemical compatibility chart. Information to develop such a chart can be found in NFPA 491, Guide to Hazardous Chemical Re- This annex is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document actions. (Note: Although NFPA 491 has been officially withdrawn but is included for informational purposes only. from the National Fire Codes, the information is still available in B.1 Development of Quantitative Guidelines for Health. In NFPA’s Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials.) Information developing this edition of NFPA 704, the Technical Commit- can also be found in Bretherick, Handbook of Reactive Chemicals. tee on Classification and Properties of Hazardous Chemical A.8.1.1 Only two special hazard symbols (OX and W ) are Data determined that the standard should provide quantita- required by NFPA 704, and SA is an optional symbol inside the tive guidelines for determining the numerical health hazard NFPA special hazards quadrant. Outside NFPA 704, limited, rating of a material (see Table B.1). special situations might exist in which individual circumstances B.1.1 Inhalation Hazard Considerations Using DOT Criteria. dictate use of a unique hazard symbol. Other user-defined sym- In addition, the Committee agreed that a health hazard rating bols or markings must be placed outside the NFPA “diamond.” of 4 or 3 should be assigned to any material classified as a Appropriate training and communication addressing these “Poison-Inhalation Hazard” by the U.S. Department of Trans- other markings are essential. Other special hazard symbols (be- portation (DOT). The poison-inhalation hazard classification yond OX and W ) should not be considered to be part of the was adopted by DOT from the United Nations (UN) criteria NFPA 704 hazard rating system. In many cases, the hazards detailed in the UN publication Recommendations on the Trans- represented by these symbols are already considered in the port of Dangerous Goods. (See also “Notice of Proposed Rulemaking,” health, flammability, or instability rating categories. For ex- Federal Register, and “Notice of Final Rule,” Federal Register.) ample, a polymerization hazard is covered by the numerical instability rating and does not require a separate symbol. Also, B.1.2 Inhalation Hazard Considerations Using UN Criteria. corrosive properties are considered in the health rating and, The UN criteria for inhalation toxicity are based on the LC50 again, do not require a separate symbol. In addition, because and saturated vapor concentration of the material. 2012 EditionCopyright National Fire Protection AssociationProvided by IHS under license with NFPA Licensee=PDVSA - Puerto La Cruz site 5/9986712010No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 02/14/2012 12:42:03 MST

18. ANNEX B 704–15 Table B.1 Health Hazard Rating Chart Gas/Vapor Saturated Vapor Concentration Dust/Mist Degree of Inhalation LC50 (× LC50 in Inhalation LC50 Oral LD50 Dermal LD50 Skin/Eye Hazard (ppm-v) ppm-v) (mg/L) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Contact 4 0 to 1,000 10 to >10 0.00 to 0.5 0.00 to 5 0 to 40 — 3 1,001 to 3,000 1 to <10 0.51 to 2 5.01 to 50 40.1 to 200 Corrosive, irreversible eye injury; corrosive if pH ≤2 or ≥11.5 2 3,001 to 5,000 0.2 to <1 2.01 to 10 50.1 to 500 201 to 1,000 Severe irritation, reversible injury; sensitizers, lacrimators; frostbite from compressed liquefied gases 1 5,001 to 10,000 0 to <0.2 10.1 to 200 501 to 2,000 1,001 to 2,000 Slight to moderate eye irritation; mild irritation is borderline 0/1 0 >10,000 0 to <0.2 >200 >2,000 >2,000 Essentially nonirritating Notes: mg/m × 24.45 3 (1) ppm = molecular weight (2) Saturated vapor concentration (ppm) at 20°C and standard atmospheric pressure: Vapor pressure (mmHg) × 106 SVC = 760 (3) See Section B.3 for definitions of LC50 and LD50. B.1.3 Oral and Dermal Hazard Considerations Using UN Cri- ready classified (or can easily classify) materials into the appropri- teria. Furthermore, in addition to inhalation toxicity, the UN ate packing groups. has established criteria for oral and dermal toxicity, as well as corrosivity. Based on those criteria, the UN assigns materials to B.1.4.3 Finally, users of chemicals can assign a 4, 3, or 2 --```,`,```,`,,,``,,,``,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- categories called Packing Groups: Packing Group I materials health hazard rating by establishing whether a chemical has represent a severe hazard in transport, Group II materials rep- been assigned to a UN packing group due to toxicity or to resent a serious hazard, and Group III materials represent a corrosivity. low hazard. The Committee decided to adopt the UN criteria for toxicity B.1.5 Hazard Considerations Using HMIS Criteria. To estab- and corrosivity, and to correlate Packing Groups I, II, and III with lish 1 and 0 health hazard rankings, the Committee utilized crite- the health hazard ratings 4, 3, and 2, respectively. ria for the 1 and 0 ratings contained in the Hazardous Materials B.1.4 Adoption of UN Criteria. Adoption of the UN system Identification System (HMIS) developed by the American Coat- has several advantages. ings Association (ACA), formerly the National Paint & Coatings Association (NPCA) (see Hazardous Materials Identification System B.1.4.1 First, it addresses hazards in transportation that are simi- Revised, Implementation Manual). Although the ACA criteria were lar to the type of emergencies likely to be encountered by developed for occupational exposure, the 1 and 0 criteria are on fire-fighting personnel and emergency responders. Most other the low end of the hazard spectrum and are fairly consistent with, hazard ranking systems have been developed for occupational and complementary to, the 4, 3, and 2 ratings based on the UN exposures. criteria. No UN criteria were established for eye irritation, and B.1.4.2 Second, the UN system is well established, and it is pre- the Committee adopted ACA 3, 2, 1, and 0 criteria as health haz- sumed that a large number of chemical manufacturers have al- ard ratings for eye irritation. 2012 EditionCopyright National Fire Protection AssociationProvided by IHS under license with NFPA Licensee=PDVSA - Puerto La Cruz site 5/9986712010No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 02/14/2012 12:42:03 MST

19. 704–16 IDENTIFICATION OF THE HAZARDS OF MATERIALS FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE B.2 Additional Revisions to Health Hazard Rating. The Com- The criteria for inhalation toxicity of vapors are based on mittee made a number of revisions to the proposed hazard LC50 data relating to 1 hour exposures, and where such informa- rating system to provide conformity with existing industrial tion is available it should be used. However, where only LC50 data practice and to recognize the limitations and availability of relating to 4 hour exposures to dusts and mists are available, such corrosivity and eye irritation in a single “skin/eye contact” cat- figures can be multiplied by two and the product substituted in egory and to utilize descriptive terms for the health hazard the above criteria, i.e., LC50 (4 hour) × 2 is considered equivalent ratings. Minor changes were made to the 2, 1, and 0 criteria of LC50 (1 hour). for oral toxicity and to the 1 and 0 criteria for dermal toxicity. Specifically, the distinction between solids and liquids in the oral toxicity criteria was eliminated, and the cutoff between 1 Annex C Flammability and 0 rankings for oral and dermal toxicity was lowered from This annex is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document 5000 to 2000 mg/kg. but is included for informational purposes only. In summary, the 4, 3, and 2 health hazard rankings for oral, dermal, and inhalation toxicity are based primarily on UN crite- C.1 Development of Flammability Ratings. The selection of ria. The 1 and 0 health hazard rankings for oral, dermal, inhala- the flash point breaks for the assignment of ratings within the tion toxicity, and all the “skin/eye contact” rankings are based flammability category is based on the recommendations of the primarily on ACA criteria. Technical Committee on Classification and Properties of Flam- mable Liquids of the NFPA Committee on Flammable Liquids. B.3 UN Definitions. For the user’s assistance in utilizing this This Technical Committee initiated the study that led to the de- standard, the following definitions are extracted from Section velopment of this standard. Close cooperation between the Tech- 6.5 of Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods. In nical Committee and the Committee on Fire Hazards of Materi- the absence of data for the species defined as follows, the com- als has continued. mittee currently considers other mammalian species, including human data and professional judgment to assign health C.2 Significance of Flash Point. Flash point indicates several ratings. In addition, Table B.1 can be used for guidance. things: (1) If the liquid has no flash point, it is not a flammable liquid. B.3.1 LD50 for acute oral toxicity: That dose of the substance (2) If the liquid has a flash point, it has to be considered flam- administered which is most likely to cause death within 14 days mable or combustible. in one half of both male and female young adult albino rats. (3) The flash point is normally an indication of susceptibility The number of animals tested shall be sufficient to give a sta- to ignition. tistically significant result and be in conformity with good pharmacological practice. The result is expressed in milli- The flash point test can give results that would indicate if a grams per kilogram of body weight. liquid is nonflammable or if it should be rated 1 or 2 as a mixture containing, for example, carbon tetrachloride. As a specific ex- B.3.2 LD50 for acute dermal toxicity: That dose of the substance ample, sufficient carbon tetrachloride can be added to gasoline which, administered by continuous contact for 24 hours with the so that the mixture has no flash point. However, on standing in bare skin of albino rabbits, is most likely to cause death within an open container, the carbon tetrachloride evaporates more 14 days in one half of the animals tested. The number of animals rapidly than the gasoline. Over a period of time, the residual tested shall be sufficient to give a statistically significant result and liquid first shows a high flash point, then a progressively lower be in conformity with good pharmacological practice. The result one until the flash point of the final 10 percent of the original is expressed in milligrams per kilogram of body weight. sample approximates that of the heavier fractions of the gasoline. B.3.3 LC50 for acute toxicity on inhalation: That concentra- To evaluate the fire hazard of such liquid mixtures, fractional tion of vapor, mist or dust which, administered by continuous evaporation tests can be conducted at room temperature in open inhalation to both male and female young adult albino rats for vessels. After evaporation of appropriate fractions, such as 10, 20, one hour, is most likely to cause death within 14 days in one 40, 60, and 90 percent of the original sample, flash point tests can half of the animals tested. If the substance is administered to be conducted on the residue. The results of such tests indicate the animals as dust or mist, more than 90 percent of the par- the grouping into which the liquid should be placed if the condi- ticles available for inhalation in the test must have a diameter tions of use are such to make it likely that appreciable evapora- of 10 microns or less, provided that it is reasonably foreseeable tion will take place. For open system conditions, such as in open that such concentrations could be encountered by man dur- dip tanks, the open cup test method gives a more reliable indica- ing transport. The result is expressed in milligrams per liter of tion of the flammability hazard. air for dusts and mists or in milliliters per cubic meter of air C.3 Flash Point Test Methods. In the interest of reproducible (parts per million) for vapors. results, the following procedures are recommended for deter- B.4 The following information extracted from Section 6.4 of mining flash point: Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods also applies: (1) The flash point of liquids having a viscosity less than The criteria for inhalation toxicity of dusts and mists are based 5.5 mm2/s [5.5 centistokes (cSt)] at 40°C (104°F) or less on LC50 data relating to 1 hour exposures and where such infor- than 9.5 mm2/s (9.5 cSt) at 25°C (77°F) and a flash point mation is available it should be used. However, where only LC50 below 93.4°C (200°F) can be determined in accordance with data relating to 4 hour exposures to dusts and mists are available, ASTM D 56, Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by the Tag --```,`,```,`,,,``,,,``,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- such figures can be multiplied by four and the product substi- Closed Tester. (In those countries that use the Abel or Abel- tuted in the above criteria, i.e., LC50 (4 hour) × 4 is considered Pensky closed cup tests as an official standard, these tests will equivalent of LC50 (1 hour). be equally acceptable to the Tag Closed Cup Method.) 2012 EditionCopyright National Fire Protection AssociationProvided by IHS under license with NFPA Licensee=PDVSA - Puerto La Cruz site 5/9986712010No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 02/14/2012 12:42:03 MST

20. ANNEX E 704–17 (2) For liquids having flash points in the range of 0°C (32°F) Annex E Instability, Thermal Hazard Evaluation to 110°C (230°F), the determination can be made in ac- Techniques cordance with ASTM D 3278, Standard Test Methods for Flash Point of Liquids by Small Scale Closed-Cup Apparatus, or This annex is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document ASTM D 3828, Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Small but is included for informational purposes only. Scale Closed Tester. E.1 Intrinsic Thermal Stability. Thermal stability for hazard (3) For viscous and solid chemicals, the determination can be evaluation purposes can be done by a number of methods. Fre- made in accordance with Test Method E 502, Standard Test quently used techniques include differential scanning calorim- Method for Selection and Use of ASTM Standards for the Deter- etry (DSC) and accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC). These tests mination of Flash Point of Chemicals by Closed Cup Methods. should be performed in a manner meeting or exceeding the re- (4) The flash point of liquids having a viscosity of 5.5 mm2/s quirements outlined in ASTM E 537, Standard Test Method for As- (5.5 cSt) or greater at 40°C (100°F) or 9.5 mm2/s (9.5 cSt) sessing the Thermal Stability of Chemicals by Methods of Differential Ther- or greater at 25°C (77°F) can be determined in accordance mal Analysis, or ASTM E 1981, Guide for Assessing the Thermal with ASTM D 93, Test Methods for Flash Point by the Pensky- Stability of Materials by Methods of Accelerating Rate Calorimetry. Martens Closed Tester. Obtaining the instability rating through testing and In- stantaneous Power Density (IPD) data is preferred. This method is discussed in Section E.2, and IPD takes prece- dence over other small-scale calorimetric methods. When Annex D Combustible Dusts data are unavailable to apply the IPD method, the following This annex is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document two alternatives are available: Data from DSC or ARC (or but is included for informational purposes only. their equivalent) can be used to determine the adiabatic exotherm initiation temperature. This can be used to de- D.1 A combustible dust is considered to be a finely divided solid fine ratings of 0, 1, or 2. material that is 420 micrometers (µm) or smaller in diameter Materials that exhibit adiabatic exotherm initiation tem- (material passing a U.S. No. 40 Standard sieve) that presents an peratures below 200°C (392°F) should be rated at least 2; ma- explosion hazard when dispersed and ignited in air. terials that polymerize vigorously with evolution of heat When a dust becomes suspended in air, there is a risk of a should also be rated at least 2. dust cloud ignition leading to a flash fire. The minimum ex- Materials that exhibit adiabatic exotherm initiation tempera- plosible concentration (MEC) is the minimum concentration tures between 200°C (392°F) and 500°C (932°F) should be of combustible dust suspended in air, measured in mass per rated 1; materials that might polymerize when heated should also --```,`,```,`,,,``,,,``,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- unit volume, that will support a deflagration as defined by the be rated 1. text procedure in ASTM E 1515, Standard Test Method for Mini- Materials that do not exhibit an exotherm at temperatures mum Explosible Concentration of Combustible Dusts. Evaluation of less than or equal to 500°C (932°F) should be rated zero. the hazard of a combustible dust should be determined by the Professional judgment should be applied to a chemical be- means of actual test data. Each situation should be evaluated ing rated using this method that might have an instability rat- and applicable tests selected. The following list represents the ing of 2 or greater. factors that are sometimes used in determining the deflagration hazard of a dust: Reactive materials are far more likely to suffer catalytic or surface effects in small test containers, hence biasing the adia- (1) MEC batic exotherm initiation temperature. (2) Minimum ignition energy (MIE) This judgment should include comparisons with the quali- (3) Particle size distribution tative criteria described in Table 7.2, analogy with chemicals of (4) Moisture content as received and as tested similar chemical structure and historical incidents, plus data (5) Maximum explosion pressure at optimum concentration obtained using the following methods. (6) Maximum rate of pressure rise at optimum concentration Information to assist this professional judgment includes, but (7) KSt (normalized rate of pressure rise) as defined in is not limited to, data obtained via DSC or ARC. ASTM D 2879, ASTM E 1226, Test Method for Pressure and Rate of Pressure Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure–Temperature Relationship and Rise for Combustible Dusts Initial Decomposition Temperature of Liquids by Isoteniscope, can be (8) Layer ignition temperature used as an indication of thermal stability when data meeting the (9) Dust cloud ignition temperature requirements of ASTM E 537 are not available. Self-Accelerating (10) Limiting oxidant concentration (LOC) to prevent ignition Decomposition Temperature (SADT) test results can also be (11) Electrical volume resistivity used. Alternatively, calculations based on the ASTM computer (12) Charge relaxation time program CHETAH could be carried out. (13) Chargeability It should be noted that tests performed in small-volume ana- See NFPA 654, Standard for the Prevention of Fire and Dust Explo- lytical apparatus are not predictive of the explosive behavior of sions from the Manufacturing, Processing, and Handling of Combustible large masses of material and therefore cannot distinguish insta- Particulate Solids; NFPA 664, Standard for the Prevention of Fires and bility ratings of 3 and 4. Explosions in Wood Processing and Woodworking Facilities; and Appropriate testing should be conducted for mixtures be- NFPA 68, Standard on Explosion Protection by Deflagration Venting , cause the mixtures might react differently than indicated by for additional information about combustible dusts and combus- the individual components. tible dust explosions. E.2 Instantaneous Power Density. IPD is calculated as the For purposes of better determining the flammability for a 2 product of the enthalpy of decomposition/reaction and the or 3 rating, the most important aspects are particle size distri- initial rate of reaction, determined at 250°C (482°F). This bution, MIE, processing experience, housekeeping, and other quantity represents the amount of heat energy per unit related factors. time per unit volume (watts per milliliter) that a material 2012 EditionCopyright National Fire Protection AssociationProvided by IHS under license with NFPA Licensee=PDVSA - Puerto La Cruz site 5/9986712010No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 02/14/2012 12:42:03 MST

21. 704–18 IDENTIFICATION OF THE HAZARDS OF MATERIALS FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE will initially give at 250°C (482°F). The values that make up The power density is given as the product of this decomposi- the power density can be obtained from thermodynamic tion and the enthalpy of decomposition (the value of 4.184 W/ tables, calculations, and experimental measurements. The cal/sec allows the use of units W/mL): values are obtained from appropriate measurements using DSC (see ASTM E 698, Standard Test Method for Arrhenius Ki- IPD = − ∆H × Rate netic Constants for Thermally Unstable Materials), or ARC (see where: ASTM E 1981, Guide for Assessing the Thermal Stability of Mate- Enthalpy of decomposition (∆H ) = −80.5 cal/g rials by Methods of Accelerating Rate Calorimetry). In a typical W cal g W calculation, the rates of reaction as a function of tempera- Units: = × × 4.184 ture are obtained and expressed in terms of an Arrhenius mL g mL × s cal/s expression and an overall, initial-rate expression (Laidler). W This rate expression represents the initial rate of decompo- IPD = − ( 80.5 ) × 0.79 × 4.184 sition where the decrease in concentration of the material as a cal/s result of the decomposition/reaction has not progressed to a sig- cal W nificant (<5 percent) level. This allows the initial concentration IPD = 63 × 4.184 of the material to be used in the simplified rate expression. (See s × mL cal/s Table E.2.) W IPD = 270 mL Table E.2 Instability Rating as a Result of Thermal Instability The IPD is used as a positive value: the greater the power density, the greater the rate of energy release per volume. There- Instantaneous Power Density fore, the exothermic enthalpy of reaction, thermodynamically Instability Rating at 250°C taken with a negative sign to show release of heat to the surround- ings, is taken as a negative so as to rectify the sign of IPD. 4 1000 W/mL or greater This material, having an IPD of 270 W/mL, would be rated 3 At or above 100 W/mL and a 3 per Table E.2. below 1000 W/mL 2 At or above 10 W/mL and Annex F Water Reactivity Identification Criteria below 100 W/mL 1 At or above 0.01 W/mL and This annex is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document below 10 W/mL but is included for informational purposes only. 0 Below 0.01 W/mL F.1 General. It is again noted that with the assignment of water reactivity ratings, a considerable degree of judgment can be needed, as noted in Section 4.2, combined with the guidance in this annex. To clarify the calculation of IPD, a sample calculation is provided. F.2 Numerical ratings indicating degrees of water reactivity The initial rate of decomposition of the material at 250°C hazards are detailed in Table F.2. The number, alongside the (482°F) can be calculated using the following Arrhenius ex- water reactivity symbol (e.g., W 2), can be used when the in- pression, where R is the universal gas constant whose value is formation is available to provide information about the de- --```,`,```,`,,,``,,,``,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- taken as 1.987 cal/(mol°C): gree of water reactivity for emergency responders. It should be emphasized that the water reactivity rating is Rate = concn × A PRE × e− Ea/RT not shown in the instability hazard space in the sign, which refers specifically to the intrinsic instability of the material. where: Materials that have a rating of 0 or 1 for water reactivity should Arrhenius activation energy (Ea) = 36.4 kcal/mol not be given the W symbol in the special hazards space on the Arrhenius pre-exponential (APRE) = 1.60 × 1015 s−1 placard. Reaction order (n) = 1 The special hazard W rating of 3 is the highest rating for Initial concentration of material or density of pure material water reactivity; there is no special hazard rating of 4 for water (conc) = 0.80 g/mL reactivity. The purpose of water reactivity is to warn of cases The units used are as follows: where the use of water (in nonflooding quantities) during emergency response can increase the hazard or change the cal/mol perceived hazard due to a chemical. Heat of mixing tests be- n 1−n − g ⎛ g ⎞ ⎛ g ⎞ cal/( mol×K ) K tween a chemical and water can provide a measure of how =⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ ⎟ × e vigorous the reaction with water will be in a fire-fighting sce- mL × s ⎝ mL ⎠ ⎝ mL × s ⎠ nario. The following two scenarios are to be considered: a material that rapidly releases heat on contact with water and a 36400 − material that rapidly releases heat and gas on contact with 1.987×( 273 + 250 ) Rate = 0.80 +1 × 1.60 × 10 +15 × e water. These guidelines apply only to the first scenario, that is, a chemical that reacts exothermically to release heat on con- g tact with water but does not produce gaseous or low boiling Rate = 0.79 [<100°C (<212°F)] by-products, or azeotropes. The heat of mL × s mixing shall be determined using a Two Drop Mixing Calo- 36400 rimeter (Hofelich et al.) or equivalent technique using a − Rate = 0.80 +1 × 1.60 × 10 +15 × e 1039 1:1 wt/wt ratio of chemical to water. Alternatively, the heat of mixing data can be found in handbooks or calculated. 2012 EditionCopyright National Fire Protection AssociationProvided by IHS under license with NFPA Licensee=PDVSA - Puerto La Cruz site 5/9986712010No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 02/14/2012 12:42:03 MST

22. ANNEX F 704–19 Table F.2 Degrees of Water Reactivity Hazards F.3 Water Reactivity Hazard Degree 0. The chemical is essentially nonreactive with water, therefore the W symbol is not used. Using the Two Drop Mixing Calorimeter (Hofelich et Degree of Hazard Criteria al.) or equivalent technique, the heat of reaction is less than 30 calories per gram of total mixture (cal/g), using a 1:1 wt/wt 4 Not applicable ratio of chemical to water. Gas is not generated, although the evaporation rate of a volatile liquid chemical can be increased 3 — Requires a W to Materials that react explosively with during water application. The heat of reaction can also be be displayed in the water without requiring heat or special hazards confinement (qualitative capable of generating sufficient water vapor pressure to dam- quadrant description most applicable age some closed containers. An example of a water reactivity when assigning water reactivity rating of 0 is diethanolamine with a −6.5 cal/g Two Drop Mix- ratings to solids because the heat ing Calorimeter test result, with no gas release. of mixing is determined by F.4 Water Reactivity Hazard Degree 1. The heat of reaction is physical characteristics and the too small to preclude the use of water during emergency re- degree to which the material has sponse. Because water is an acceptable agent for dilution of dissolved) spills and for fire control, chemicals with this rating are not Materials whose heat of mixing assigned the W symbol. Using the Two Drop Mixing Calorim- is greater or equal to eter (Hofelich et al.) or equivalent technique, the heat of re- 600 cal/g action is greater than or equal to 30 calories per gram of total mixture (cal/g) but less than 100 cal/g, using a 1:1 wt/wt ratio 2 — Requires a W to Materials that react violently with of chemical to water. The heat of reaction might be capable of be displayed in the water, including the ability to causing the water to boil at atmospheric pressure. special hazards boil water, or that evolve A chemical that on the basis of heat of reaction results quadrant flammable or toxic gas at a alone would normally be assigned a water reactivity rating of 0 sufficient rate to create hazards should be increased to a water reactivity rating of 1 if any gas is under emergency response generated via reaction with water, even if the heat of reaction conditions (qualitative is below 30 cal/g. description most applicable when assigning water reactivity The following are examples of chemicals whose release of ratings to solids because the heat gas raise them from a water reactivity rating of 0 to a water of mixing is determined by reactivity rating of 1. physical characteristics and the (1) 50 percent sodium hydroxide. The exothermic heat of solu- degree to which the material has tion measured using the Two Drop Mixing Calorimeter is dissolved) −35.3 cal/g with no gas release; therefore, a water reactiv- Materials whose heat of mixing is ity rating of 1 is assigned. It should be noted that the heat at or above 100 cal/g and less of solution of a solid material such as sodium hydroxide is than 600 cal/g not constant but decreases as the solid goes into solution. The first water that is added to sodium hydroxide could in 1 — Does NOT require Materials that react vigorously fact boil, even though the Two Drop Mixing Calorimeter a W to be displayed in with water, but not violently indicates a heat release of much less than 100 cal/g. the special hazards (criterion most applicable Where large quantities of such solids are wetted by small when assigning water reactivity --```,`,```,`,,,``,,,``,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- quantities of water, the instability hazard might be better rating to solids because represented by a water reactivity rating of W 2. the heat of mixing is (2) Sodium hydrosulfite. The exothermic reaction with water determined by physical releases heat, which can lead to spontaneous combustion characteristics and the degree of a solid. The rating assigned to this chemical is a water to which the material has reactivity rating of 1. dissolved) (3) Acetic anhydride. The exothermic 1:1 molar reaction with water produces 2 moles of acetic acid and no gas release. Materials whose heat of mixing is Because the reactants are not completely miscible at am- at or above 30 cal/g and less than 100 cal/g bient temperature, the reaction tends to be slow unless a solubilizing agent is present. The water reactivity rating Materials that react with assigned to this chemical is 1. water, producing either F.5 Water Reactivity Hazard Degree 2. The reaction with water heat or gas leading to is rapid and should be used only where it can be applied in pressurization or toxic or flooding quantities (which can be impractical for large piles of flammable gas hazards solids). Using the Two Drop Mixing Calorimeter test, the heat 0 — Does NOT Nonreactive below 30 cal/g of reaction is greater than or equal to 100 cal/g but less than require a W to be 600 cal/g using a 1:1 wt/wt ratio of chemical to water. The displayed in the special heat of reaction is likely to boil the water at 1:1 wt/wt ratios hazards quadrant and can be sufficient both to boil the water and to vaporize the 2012 EditionCopyright National Fire Protection AssociationProvided by IHS under license with NFPA Licensee=PDVSA - Puerto La Cruz site 5/9986712010No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 02/14/2012 12:42:03 MST

23. 704–20 IDENTIFICATION OF THE HAZARDS OF MATERIALS FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE chemical. Other than carbon dioxide or steam (or other non- ASTM D 93, Test Methods for Flash Point by the Pensky-Martens hazardous gases), if flammable or toxic gases are generated in Closed Tester, 2008. hazardous quantities via reaction with water, the water reactiv- ASTM D 2879, Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure– ity rating of 1 determined on the basis of heat of reaction Temperature Relationship and Initial Decomposition Temperature of would be raised to a water reactivity rating of 2 ( W 2). The Liquids by Isoteniscope, 1997. following are examples of chemicals whose release of gas raise ASTM D 3278, Standard Test Methods for Flash Point of Liquids them from a water reactivity rating of 1 to a water reactivity by Small Scale Closed-Cup Apparatus, 1996, reaffirmed 2004. rating of 2: ASTM D 3828, Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Small (1) Calcium carbide. Although the dry solid does not burn, a Scale Closed Tester, 2009. nonviolent but vigorous exothermic reaction with water ASTM E 537, Standard Test Method for Assessing the Thermal Sta- produces calcium hydroxide plus flammable acetylene bility of Chemicals by Methods of Differential Thermal Analysis, 2007. gas. Trapped pockets of acetylene in a pile of solid can ASTM E 698, Standard Test Method for Arrhenius Kinetic Con- ignite and explode. stants for Thermally Unstable Materials, 2004. (2) Dichlorosilane. In contact with water, exothermic hydrolysis ASTM E 1226, Test Method for Pressure and Rate of Pressure Rise is accompanied by evaporation of the volatile liquid for Combustible Dusts, 2005. phase. Toxic dichlorosilane plus hydrogen chloride gases ASTM E 1515, Standard Test Method for Minimum Explosible are released and spontaneous ignition of the dichlorosi- Concentration of Combustible Dusts, 2007. lane can occur. ASTM E 1981, Guide for Assessing the Thermal Stability of Ma- (3) Thionyl chloride. The heat release using the Two Drop Mix- terials by Methods of Accelerating Rate Calorimetry, 1998. ing Calorimeter test is −61.1 cal/g with release of gas. Test Method E 502, Standard Test Method for Selection and Use F.6 Water Reactivity Hazard Degree 3. Using the Two Drop of ASTM Standards for the Determination of Flash Point of Chemicals Mixing Calorimeter test, the heat of reaction is greater than or by Closed Cup Methods, 2007. equal to 600 cal/g. This is often sufficient to cause ignition of flammable components. G.1.2.2 UN Publications. United Nations, UN Plaza, New The W 3 rating is not increased to a W 4 rating if gas is York, NY 10017. generated, because “explosive reaction” already implies gas Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, 4th re- generation. An example of a W 3 rating is triethyl aluminum. vised edition. The heat release using the Two Drop Mixing Calorimeter test G.1.2.3 U.S. Government Publications. U.S. Government is −1008 cal/g with release of gas. Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. The Two Drop Mixing Calorimeter test data presented in --```,`,```,`,,,``,,,``,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Federal Register, “Notice of Final Rule,” Vol. 50, p. 41092 et this annex were published by Hofelich. seq., October 8, 1985. Federal Register, “Notice of Proposed Rulemaking,” Vol. 50, p. 5270 et seq., February 7, 1985. Annex G Informational References G.1.2.4 Other Publications. Bretherick, L., Handbook of Reac- G.1 Referenced Publications. The documents or portions tive Chemicals, 6th edition, Boston: Butterworths, 1999. thereof listed in this annex are referenced within the informa- Britton, L. G., “Survey of Fire Hazard Classification Systems tional sections of this standard and are not part of the require- for Liquids,” Process Safety Progress, Vol. 18, No. 4, Winter, 1999. ments of this document unless also listed in Chapter 2 for Hanley, B., “A Model for the Calculation and the Verifica- other reasons. tion of Closed Cup Flash Points for Multicomponent Mix- G.1.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Associa- tures,” Process Safety Progress, Summer 1998, pp. 86–97. tion, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471. Hofelich, T. C., “A Quantitative Approach to Determina- NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 2012 edition. tion of NFPA Reactivity Hazard Rating Parameters,” Process NFPA 68, Standard on Explosion Protection by Deflagration Vent- Safety Progress, Vol. 16, No. 3, p. 121, 1997. ing, 2007 edition. Hofelich, T. C., D. J. Frurip, and J. B. Powers, “The Deter- NFPA 400, Hazardous Materials Code, 2010 edition. mination of Compatibility via Thermal Analysis and Math- • NFPA 654, Standard for the Prevention of Fire and Dust Explo- ematical Modeling,” Process Safety Progress, Vol. 13, No 4. pp. sions from the Manufacturing, Processing, and Handling of Combus- 227–233, 1994. tible Particulate Solids, 2006 edition. Laidler, K. L., Chemical Kinetics, Chapter 3, New York: NFPA 664, Standard for the Prevention of Fires and Explosions in McGraw-Hill, 1965. Wood Processing and Woodworking Facilities, 2012 edition. American Coatings Association, Hazardous Materials Identifi- Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 13th edition, cation System Revised, Implementation Manual, 1981. 2002. Stull, D. R., “Fundamentals of Fire and Explosion,” AIChE Monograph Series, No. 10, Vol. 73, 1977. G.1.2 Other Publications. G.2 Informational References. G.1.2.1 ASTM Publications. ASTM International, 100 Barr ASTM D 235, Standard Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petro- Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428- leum Spirits) (Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent), 2002. 2959. ASTM D 56, Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by the Tag ASTM D 6668, Standard Test Method for the Discrimination Closed Tester, 2005. Between Flammability Ratings of F = 0 and F = 1, 2006. ASTM D 86, Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum G.3 References for Extracts in Informational Sections. Products at Atmospheric Pressure, 2009. (Reserved) 2012 EditionCopyright National Fire Protection AssociationProvided by IHS under license with NFPA Licensee=PDVSA - Puerto La Cruz site 5/9986712010No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 02/14/2012 12:42:03 MST

24. INDEX 704–21 Index Copyright © 2011 National Fire Protection Association. All Rights Reserved. The copyright in this index is separate and distinct from the copyright in the document that it indexes. The licensing provisions set forth for the document are not applicable to this index. This index may not be reproduced in whole or in part by any means without the express written permission of NFPA. -A- Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chap. 1 Location of Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3, A.4.3 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Equivalency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 -H- Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Health Hazard Rating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Annex B Retroactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Health Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chap. 5 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 Degrees of Hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2, A.5.2 Approved General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.1, A.3.2.1 Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.2, A.3.2.2 -I- Identification of Materials by Hazard Rating System . . . . . . . . . . Chap. 9 -B- Symbol Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 Informational References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Annex G Boiling Point Instability Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chap. 7 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1, A.3.3.1 Degrees of Hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 -C- Instability, Thermal Hazard Evaluation Techniques . . . . . . . . . . Annex E Combustible Dusts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Annex D Cryogenic Fluid -M- Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.2 Materials Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.6 -D- Stable Materials Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.6.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chap. 3 Unstable Materials Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.6.2 -E- Explanatory Material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Annex A -R- Referenced Publications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chap. 2 -F- General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Fire Point NFPA Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.3 Other Publications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Flammability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Annex C References for Extracts in Mandatory Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Flammability Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chap. 6 Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 -S- Degrees of Hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2, A.6.2 Shall General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.3 Flash Point Simple Asphyxiant Gas Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.4, A.3.3.4 Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.7 Frostbite Special Hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chap. 8 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.5, A.3.3.5 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 -G- General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chap. 4 -W- Assignment of Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Water Reactivity Identification Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Annex F Cou/D 1 2 3 4 5 6 14 13 12 11 --```,`,```,`,,,``,,,``,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 2012 EditionCopyright National Fire Protection AssociationProvided by IHS under license with NFPA Licensee=PDVSA - Puerto La Cruz site 5/9986712010No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 02/14/2012 12:42:03 MST

25. Sequence of Events Leading to Issuance Committee Membership Classifications of an NFPA Committee Document The following classifications apply to Technical Commit- tee members and represent their principal interest in the activity of the committee. Step 1: Call for Proposals M Manufacturer: A representative of a maker or mar- •Proposed new Document or new edition of an existing keter of a product, assembly, or system, or portion Document is entered into one of two yearly revision cy- thereof, that is affected by the standard. cles, and a Call for Proposals is published. U User: A representative of an entity that is subject to the provisions of the standard or that voluntarily Step 2: Report on Proposals (ROP) uses the standard. I/M Installer/Maintainer: A representative of an entity •Committee meets to act on Proposals, to develop its own that is in the business of installing or maintaining Proposals, and to prepare its Report. a product, assembly, or system affected by the stan- •Committee votes by written ballot on Proposals. If two- dard. thirds approve, Report goes forward. Lacking two-thirds L Labor: A labor representative or employee con- approval, Report returns to Committee. cerned with safety in the workplace. •Report on Proposals (ROP) is published for public re- R/T Applied Research/Testing Laboratory: A representative view and comment. of an independent testing laboratory or indepen- Step 3: Report on Comments (ROC) dent applied research organization that promulgates and/or enforces standards. •Committee meets to act on Public Comments to develop E Enforcing Authority: A representative of an agency its own Comments, and to prepare its report. or an organization that promulgates and/or en- •Committee votes by written ballot on Comments. If two- forces standards. thirds approve, Report goes forward. Lacking two-thirds I Insurance: A representative of an insurance com- approval, Report returns to Committee. pany, broker, agent, bureau, or inspection agency. •Report on Comments (ROC) is published for public re- C Consumer: A person who is, or represents, the ul- view. timate purchaser of a product, system, or service affected by the standard, but who is not included Step 4: Technical Report Session in the User classification. SE Special Expert: A person not representing any of •“Notices of intent to make a motion” are filed, are reviewed, the previous classifications, but who has a special and valid motions are certified for presentation at the expertise in the scope of the standard or portion Technical Report Session. (“Consent Documents” that thereof. have no certified motions bypass the Technical Report Session and proceed to the Standards Council for issu- NOTES: ance.) 1. “Standard” connotes code, standard, recommended •NFPA membership meets each June at the Annual Meet- practice, or guide. ing Technical Report Session and acts on Technical 2. A representative includes an employee. Committee Reports (ROP and ROC) for Documents 3. While these classifications will be used by the Standards with “certified amending motions.” Council to achieve a balance for Technical Committees, •Committee(s) vote on any amendments to Report ap- the Standards Council may determine that new classifi- proved at NFPA Annual Membership Meeting. cations of members or unique interests need representa- Step 5: Standards Council Issuance tion in order to foster the best possible committee delib- erations on any project. In this connection, the Standards •Notification of intent to file an appeal to the Standards Council may make appointments as it deems appropriate Council on Association action must be filed within 20 in the public interest, such as the classification of “Utili- days of the NFPA Annual Membership Meeting. ties” in the National Electrical Code Committee. •Standards Council decides, based on all evidence, 4. Representatives of subsidiaries of any group are gener- whether or not to issue Document or to take other ac- ally considered to have the same classification as the par- tion, including hearing any appeals. ent organization. --```,`,```,`,,,``,,,``,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 6/08-ACopyright National Fire Protection AssociationProvided by IHS under license with NFPA Licensee=PDVSA - Puerto La Cruz site 5/9986712010No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 02/14/2012 12:42:03 MST

26. NFPA Document Proposal Form NOTE: All Proposals must be received by 5:00 pm EST/EDST on the published Proposal Closing Date. FOR OFFICE USE ONLY For further information on the standards-making process, please contact the Codes and Standards Administration at 617-984-7249 or visit www.nfpa.org/codes. Log #: For technical assistance, please call NFPA at 1-800-344-3555. Date Rec’d: Please indicate in which format you wish to receive your ROP/ROC electronic paper download (Note: If choosing the download option, you must view the ROP/ROC from our website; no copy will be sent to you.) Date April 1, 200X Name John J. Doe Tel. No. 716-555-1234 Company Air Canada Pilots Association Email Street Address 123 Summer Street Lane City Lewiston State NY Zip 14092 ***If you wish to receive a hard copy, a street address MUST be provided. Deliveries cannot be made to PO boxes. Please indicate organization represented (if any) 1. (a) NFPA Document Title National Fuel Gas Code NFPA No. & Year 54, 200X Edition (b) Section/Paragraph 3.3 2. Proposal Recommends (check one): new text revised text deleted text 3. Proposal (include proposed new or revised wording, or identification of wording to be deleted): [Note: Proposed text should be in legislative format; i.e., use underscore to denote wording to be inserted (inserted wording) and strike-through to denote wording to be deleted (deleted wording).] Revise definition of effective ground-fault current path to read: 3.3.78 Effective Ground-Fault Current Path. An intentionally constructed, permanent, low impedance electrically conductive path designed and intended to carry underground electric fault current conditions from the point of a ground fault on a wiring system to the electrical supply source. 4. Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Proposal: (Note: State the problem that would be resolved by your recommendation; give the specific reason for your Proposal, including copies of tests, research papers, fire experience, etc. If more than 200 words, it may be abstracted for publication.) Change uses proper electrical terms. 5. Copyright Assignment (a) I am the author of the text or other material (such as illustrations, graphs) proposed in the Proposal. (b) Some or all of the text or other material proposed in this Proposal was not authored by me. Its source is as follows: (please identify which material and provide complete information on its source) ABC Co. I hereby grant and assign to the NFPA all and full rights in copyright in this Proposal and understand that I acquire no rights in any publication of NFPA in which this Proposal in this or another similar or analogous form is used. Except to the extent that I do not have authority to make an assignment in materials that I have identified in (b) above, I hereby warrant that I am the author of this Proposal and that I have full power and authority to enter into this assignment. Signature (Required) PLEASE USE SEPARATE FORM FOR EACH PROPOSAL Mail to: Secretary, Standards Council · National Fire Protection Association 1 Batterymarch Park · Quincy, MA 02169-7471 OR Fax to: (617) 770-3500 OR Email to: proposals_comments@nfpa.org 06/09-B --```,`,```,`,,,``,,,``,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---Copyright National Fire Protection AssociationProvided by IHS under license with NFPA Licensee=PDVSA - Puerto La Cruz site 5/9986712010No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 02/14/2012 12:42:03 MST

27. NFPA Document Proposal Form NOTE: All Proposals must be received by 5:00 pm EST/EDST on the published Proposal Closing Date. FOR OFFICE USE ONLY For further information on the standards-making process, please contact the Codes and Standards Administration at 617-984-7249 or visit www.nfpa.org/codes. Log #: For technical assistance, please call NFPA at 1-800-344-3555. Date Rec’d: Please indicate in which format you wish to receive your ROP/ROC electronic paper download (Note: If choosing the download option, you must view the ROP/ROC from our website; no copy will be sent to you.) Date Name Tel. No. Company Email Street Address City State Zip ***If you wish to receive a hard copy, a street address MUST be provided. Deliveries cannot be made to PO boxes. Please indicate organization represented (if any) 1. (a) NFPA Document Title NFPA No. & Year (b) Section/Paragraph 2. Proposal Recommends (check one): new text revised text deleted text 3. Proposal (include proposed new or revised wording, or identification of wording to be deleted): [Note: Proposed text should be in legislative format; i.e., use underscore to denote wording to be inserted (inserted wording) and strike-through to denote wording to be deleted (deleted wording).] 4. Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Proposal: (Note: State the problem that would be resolved by your recommendation; give the specific reason for your Proposal, including copies of tests, research papers, fire experience, etc. If more --```,`,```,`,,,``,,,``,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- than 200 words, it may be abstracted for publication.) 5. Copyright Assignment (a) I am the author of the text or other material (such as illustrations, graphs) proposed in the Proposal. (b) Some or all of the text or other material proposed in this Proposal was not authored by me. Its source is as follows: (please identify which material and provide complete information on its source) I hereby grant and assign to the NFPA all and full rights in copyright in this Proposal and understand that I acquire no rights in any publication of NFPA in which this Proposal in this or another similar or analogous form is used. Except to the extent that I do not have authority to make an assignment in materials that I have identified in (b) above, I hereby warrant that I am the author of this Proposal and that I have full power and authority to enter into this assignment. Signature (Required) PLEASE USE SEPARATE FORM FOR EACH PROPOSAL Mail to: Secretary, Standards Council · National Fire Protection Association 1 Batterymarch Park · Quincy, MA 02169-7471 OR Fax to: (617) 770-3500 OR Email to: proposals_comments@nfpa.org 06/09-CCopyright National Fire Protection AssociationProvided by IHS under license with NFPA Licensee=PDVSA - Puerto La Cruz site 5/9986712010No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 02/14/2012 12:42:03 MST

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Nfpa 704 2012 Document Transcript