High Efficiency Video Coding

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High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is a video compression standard, a successor to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC (Advanced Video Coding), currently under joint development by the ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) and ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) as ISO/IEC 23008-2 MPEG-H Part 2 and ITU-T H.265.[1][2][3][4][5] MPEG and VCEG have established a Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) to develop the HEVC standard.[1][2] HEVC is said to improve video quality, double the data compression ratio compared to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, and can support 8K UHD and resolutions up to 8192×4320.[1][2][6]

Contents

[edit] History

In 2004, the ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) began significant study of technology advances that could enable creation of a new video compression standard (or substantial compression-oriented enhancements of the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC standard).[1] In October 2004, various techniques for potential enhancement of the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC standard were surveyed. In January 2005, at the next meeting of VCEG, VCEG began designating certain topics as "Key Technical Areas" (KTA) for further investigation. A software codebase called the KTA codebase was established for evaluating such proposals.[7] The KTA software was based on the Joint Model (JM) reference software that was developed by the MPEG & VCEG Joint Video Team for H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. Additional proposed technologies were integrated into the KTA software and tested in experiment evaluations over the next four years.[8]

Two approaches for standardizing enhanced compression technology were considered: either creating a new standard or creating extensions of H.264/MPEG-4 AVC.[9] The project had tentative names H.265 and H.NGVC (Next-generation Video Coding), and was a major part of the work of VCEG until its evolution into the HEVC joint project with MPEG in 2010.[9][10][11]

The preliminary requirements for NGVC was the capability to have a bit rate reduction of 50% at the same subjective image quality compared to the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC High profile and computational complexity ranging from 1/2 to 3 times that of the High profile.[11] NGVC would be able to provide 25% bit rate reduction along with 50% reduction in complexity at the same perceived video quality as the High profile, or to provide greater bit rate reduction with somewhat higher complexity.[11][12]

The ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) started a similar project in 2007, tentatively named High-performance Video Coding.[13][14] An agreement of getting a bit rate reduction of 50% had been decided as the goal of the project by July 2007.[13] Early evaluations were performed with modifications of the KTA reference software encoder developed by VCEG.[1] By July 2009, experimental results showed average bit reduction of around 20% compared with AVC High Profile; these results prompted MPEG to initiate its standardization effort in collaboration with VCEG.[14]

A formal joint Call for Proposals (CfP) on video compression technology was issued in January 2010 by VCEG and MPEG, and proposals were evaluated at the first meeting of the MPEG & VCEG Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC), which took place in April 2010.[1][9] A total of 27 full proposals were submitted.[9][15] Evaluations showed that some proposals could reach the same visual quality as AVC at only half the bit rate in many of the test cases, at the cost of 2×-10× increase in computational complexity; and some proposals achieved good subjective quality and bit rate results with lower computational complexity than the reference AVC High profile encodings. At that meeting, the name High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) was adopted for the joint project.[1][9] Starting at that meeting, the JCT-VC integrated features of some of the best proposals into a single software codebase and a "Test Model under Consideration", and performed further experiments to evaluate various proposed features.[1][16] The first working draft specification of HEVC was produced at the third JCT-VC meeting in October 2010.[1] Many changes in the coding tools and configuration of HEVC were made in later JCT-VC meetings.[1]

The Committee Draft of HEVC, based on the sixth working draft specification, was approved in February 2012.[1][17]

On May 25, 2012, the JCT-VC announced that an evaluation of HEVC proposals for Scalable Video Coding (SVC) would be held in October 2012.[18] This will eventually lead to an amendment to HEVC that will add support for SVC.[19]

On June 26, 2012, the MPEG LA announced that they would start the process of making a joint license for HEVC patents.[20][21]

The Draft International Standard of HEVC, based on the eighth working draft specification, was approved in July 2012.[1][22] Per Fröjdh, Chairman of the Swedish MPEG delegation, believes that commercial products that support HEVC could be released in 2013.[22]

On January 25, 2013, the ITU announced that HEVC had received first stage approval (consent) in the ITU-T Alternative Approval Process (AAP).[23][24][25] The JCT-VC will continue to work on extensions for HEVC such as support for 12-bit video and 4:2:2/4:4:4 chroma subsampling.[23][24] On the same day MPEG announced that HEVC had been promoted to Final Draft International Standard (FDIS) status in the MPEG standardization process.[26][27]

On April 13, 2013, HEVC/H.265 was approved as an ITU-T standard.[28][29][30]

[edit] Schedule

The timescale for the completion of the first version of the HEVC standard:[1]

  • February 2012: Committee Draft (complete draft of standard)[17]
  • July 2012: Draft International Standard[22]
  • January 2013: Final Draft International Standard[23][24][26][31]

[edit] Implementations

On February 29, 2012, at the 2012 Mobile World Congress, Qualcomm demonstrated a HEVC decoder running on an Android tablet, with a Qualcomm Snapdragon S4 dual-core processor running at 1.5 GHz, showing H.264/MPEG-4 AVC and HEVC versions of the same video content playing side by side.[32] In this demonstration HEVC showed almost a 50% bit rate reduction compared with H.264/MPEG-4 AVC.[32]

On August 22, 2012, Ericsson announced that the world's first HEVC encoder, the Ericsson SVP 5500, would be shown at the upcoming International Broadcasting Convention (IBC) 2012 trade show.[33][34] The Ericsson SVP 5500 HEVC encoder is designed for real-time encoding of video for delivery to mobile devices.[33][34] On the same day, it was announced that researchers are planning to extend MPEG-DASH to support HEVC by April 2013.[35]

On August 31, 2012, Allegro DVT announced two HEVC broadcast encoders called the AL1200 HD-SDI encoder and the AL2200 IP Transcoder.[36] Allegro DVT says that hardware HEVC decoders shouldn't be expected before 2014 but that HEVC can be used earlier for applications that use software based decoding.[36] At the IBC 2012 trade show Allegro DVT will demonstrate a HEVC delivery system based on the AL2200 IP Transcoder with a live IP video stream.[36]

On September 2, 2012, Vanguard Software Solutions (VSS) announced a x86 PC software based HEVC encoder based on the Draft International Standard that was designed for real time performance.[37][38] The Vanguard HEVC encoder will be available later this year and will be shown at the IBC 2012 trade show.[37][38] On September 9, 2012, VSS demonstrated that their real time HEVC software encoder could encode 1080p (1920×1080) at 30 frames per second (fps) video using a single Intel Xeon processor.[38]

On September 6, 2012, Rovi Corporation announced that a MainConcept SDK for HEVC would be released in early 2013 shortly after HEVC is officially ratified.[39] The HEVC MainConcept SDK will include a decoder, encoder, and transport multiplexer for Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, Linux, iOS, and Android.[39] The HEVC MainConcept SDK encoder was demonstrated at the IBC 2012 trade show.[39][40]

On September 7, 2012, Envivio Inc. first demonstrated its next-generation HEVC codec capabilities at IBC in Amsterdam, showing a technology demo of video quality comparable to AVC (H.264) at half the bit-rate. Envivio Muse™ software-based encoders are designed to support HEVC via software upgrade in the future.[41]

On September 9, 2012, ATEME demonstrated at the IBC 2012 trade show a HEVC encoder that encoded video with a resolution of 3840×2160p at 60 fps with an average bit rate of 15 Mbit/s.[42][43] ATEME is planning to release their HEVC encoder in October 2013.[42][43][44]

On January 3, 2013, Allegro DVT announced that they will show HEVC video hardware decoder IP at the 2013 International CES.[45] The HEVC decoder IP can be used on FPGA and SoC with support for up to 4K resolution.[45] The HEVC decoder IP is compliant with the HM 9.1 reference software and will be made compliant with the final standard after it is released.[45]

On January 7, 2013, ViXS Systems announced that they will show the first hardware SoC capable of transcoding video to the Main 10 profile of HEVC at the 2013 International CES.[46][47] On the same day Rovi Corporation announced that after the HEVC standard is released that they plan to start adding support for HEVC to their MainConcept SDK and to their DivX products.[48][49]

On January 7, 2013, Samsung Electronics announced at the 2013 International CES that their F8500 series of plasma TVs will support HEVC video decoding.[50]

On January 8, 2013, Broadcom announced the BCM7445 which is an Ultra HD decoding chip capable of decoding HEVC at up to 4096×2160p at 60 fps.[51][52][53][54] The BCM7445 is a 28 nm ARM architecture chip capable of 21,000 Dhrystone MIPS with volume production estimated for the middle of 2014.[51][52][53][54] On the same day Vanguard Video announced the release of the V.265 which is a professional HEVC software encoder.[55]

On January 25, 2013, NGCodec announced that it is building a HEVC/H.265 hardware encoder and offers free 8-bit and 10-bit 4K compliance test clips.[56][57]

On January 30, 2013, Elemental Technologies, Inc. announced its implementation of HEVC/H.265 encoding.[58] Video processing solutions from Elemental will offer support for the HEVC/H.265 standard via a software upgrade.[58] Elemental first demonstrated H.265 encoding at IBC in September, 2012 in a side-by-side demonstration with AVC/H.264. Elemental will demonstrate concurrent encoding of MPEG-2, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, and HEVC/H.265 on a single system at the NAB Show in April 2013.[58]

On February 4, 2013, NTT DoCoMo announced that starting in March it will begin licensing its implementation of HEVC decoding software.[59][60] The decoding software can allow playback of 4K UHDTV at 60 fps on personal computers and 1080p on smartphones and will be demonstrated at the 2013 Mobile World Congress.[59][60] In a JCT-VC document NTT DoCoMo showed that their HEVC software decoder could decode 3840x2160 at 60 fps using 3 decoding threads on a 2.7 GHz quad core Ivy Bridge CPU.[61]

On February 11, 2013, researchers from MIT demonstrated the world's first published HEVC ASIC decoder at the International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC) 2013.[62] Their chip was capable of decoding a 3840×2160p at 30 fps video stream in real time consuming under 0.1W of power.[63]

On March 14, 2013, Ittiam Systems announced the immediate availability of its real-time HD HEVC encoder and decoder solutions which will be demonstrated at NAB 2013.[64] The x86 based encoder running on a multi-core Intel Xeon server class processor is targeted at the broadcast encoding market.[64] The decoder is an optimized multi-core ARM (Cortex A7/A9/A15 cores with Neon acceleration) implementation designed for smartphones, set-top boxes, tablets, and Smart TVs which has been demonstrated on the next generation Qualcomm Snapdragon S800.[65] The decoder was publicly showcased at CES 2013.[64] A demonstration of an OpenCL based GPU accelerated HEVC decoder was shown at MWC 2013.[64][66]

On March 14, 2013, Samsung Electronics announced the Samsung Galaxy S4 which will support HEVC video decoding.[67][68][69]

On March 30, 2013, Xunlei released a new version of its video-on-demand software Kankan that supports HEVC/H.265 through a codec developed by and exclusively licensed from Peking University, making it the first consumer product on the Chinese market to support HEVC/H.265.[70]

On March 31, 2013, PPStream released version 3.1.0 of its software that supports HEVC/H.265.[71]

On April 3, 2013, ATEME announced the availability of the first open source implementation of a HEVC software player based on the OpenHEVC decoder and GPAC video player which are both licensed under LGPL.[72][73] The OpenHEVC decoder supports the Main profile of HEVC and can decode 1080p at 30 fps video using a single core CPU.[72][73]

On April 3, 2013, Thomson Video Networks announced that its ViBE™ VS7000 multi-screen video encoding/transcoding system now provides support for the HEVC compression standard for live and offline applications. [74]

On April 6, 2013, Harmonic announced the addition of HEVC and Ultra HD support to their ProMedia suite of products.[75][76] These features will be demonstrated at the NAB Show in April 2013.[75][76]

On April 19, 2013, SES announced the first Ultra HD transmission using the HEVC standard.[77][78][79] The transmission had a resolution of 3840×2160 and a bit rate of 20 Mbit/s.[77][78][79] SES used Harmonic's ProMedia Xpress HEVC encoder and Broadcom's BCM7445 HEVC decoder.[77][78][79]

[edit] Coding efficiency

The design of most video coding standards is primarily aimed at having the highest coding efficiency.[80] Coding efficiency is the ability to encode video at the lowest possible bit rate while maintaining a certain level of video quality.[80] There are two standard ways to measure the coding efficiency of a video coding standard, which are to use an objective metric, such as peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), or to use subjective assessment of video quality.[80] Subjective assessment of video quality is considered to be the most important way to measure a video coding standard since humans perceive video quality subjectively.[80]

HEVC benefits from the use of larger Coding Tree Unit (CTU) sizes.[80] This has been shown in PSNR tests with a HM-8.0 HEVC encoder where it was forced to use progressively smaller CTU sizes.[80] For all test sequences when compared to a 64×64 CTU size it was shown that the HEVC bit rate increased by 2.2% when forced to use a 32×32 CTU size and increased by 11.0% when forced to use a 16×16 CTU size.[80] In the Class A test sequences, where the resolution of the video was 2560×1600, when compared to a 64×64 CTU size it was shown that the HEVC bit rate increased by 5.7% when forced to use a 32×32 CTU size and increased by 28.2% when forced to use a 16×16 CTU size.[80] The tests showed that large CTU sizes increase coding efficiency while also reducing decoding time.[80]

The HEVC Main Profile (MP) has been compared in coding efficiency to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC High Profile (HP), MPEG-4 Advanced Simple Profile (ASP), H.263 High Latency Profile (HLP), and H.262/MPEG-2 Main Profile (MP).[80] The video encoding was done for entertainment applications and twelve different bitrates were made for the nine video test sequences with a HM-8.0 HEVC encoder being used.[80] Of the nine video test sequences five were at HD resolution while four were at WVGA (800×480) resolution.[80] The bit rate reductions for HEVC were determined based on PSNR.[80]

Comparison of video coding standards based on equal PSNR[80]
Video coding standard Average bit rate reduction compared to
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC HP MPEG-4 ASP H.263 HLP H.262/MPEG-2 MP
HEVC MP 35.4% 63.7% 65.1% 70.8%
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC HP - 44.5% 46.6% 55.4%
MPEG-4 ASP - - 3.9% 19.7%
H.263 HLP - - - 16.2%

HEVC MP has also been compared to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC HP for subjective video quality.[80] The video encoding was done for entertainment applications and four different bitrates were made for nine video test sequences with a HM-5.0 HEVC encoder being used.[80] The subjective assessment was done at an earlier date than the PSNR comparison and so it used an earlier version of the HEVC encoder that had slightly lower performance.[80] The bit rate reductions were determined based on subjective assessment using mean opinion score values.[80] The overall subjective bitrate reduction for HEVC MP compared to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC HP was 49.3%.[80]

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) did a study to evaluate the subjective video quality of HEVC at resolutions higher than HDTV.[81][82][83][84] The study was done with three videos with resolutions of 3840×1744 at 24 fps, 3840×2048 at 30 fps, and 3840×2160 at 30 fps.[81][82][84] The five second video sequences showed people on a street, traffic, and a scene from the open source computer animated movie Sintel.[81][82][84] The video sequences were encoded at five different bitrates using the HM-6.1.1 HEVC encoder and the JM-18.3 H.264/MPEG-4 AVC encoder.[81][82] The subjective bit rate reductions were determined based on subjective assessment using mean opinion score values.[81][82] The study compared HEVC MP with H.264/MPEG-4 AVC HP and showed that for HEVC MP the average bitrate reduction based on PSNR was 44.4% while the average bitrate reduction based on subjective video quality was 66.5%.[81][82]

In a HEVC performance comparison released in April 2013 the HEVC MP and Main 10 Profile (M10P) were compared to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC HP and High 10 Profile (H10P) using 3840×2160 video sequences.[85] The video sequences were encoded using the HM-10.0 HEVC encoder and the JM-18.4 H.264/MPEG-4 AVC encoder.[85] The average bit rate reduction based on PSNR was 45% for inter frame video.[85]

[edit] Features

HEVC was designed to substantially improve coding efficiency compared to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC HP, i.e. to reduce bitrate requirements by half with comparable image quality, at the expense of increased computational complexity.[1] Depending on the application requirements HEVC encoders can trade off computational complexity, compression rate, robustness to errors, and encoding delay time.[1] Two of the key features where HEVC was improved compared to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC was support for higher resolution video and improved parallel processing methods.[1]

HEVC is targeted at next-generation HDTV displays and content capture systems which feature progressive scanned frame rates and display resolutions from QVGA (320×240) to 4320p (8192×4320), as well as improved picture quality in terms of noise level, color gamut, and dynamic range.[12][86][87][88]

[edit] Video coding layer

The HEVC video coding layer uses the same "hybrid" approach used in all modern video standards, starting from H.261, in that it uses inter-/intra-picture prediction and 2D transform coding.[1] A HEVC encoder first proceeds by splitting a picture into block shaped regions for the first picture, or the first picture of a random access point, which uses intra-picture prediction.[1] Intra-picture prediction is when the prediction of the blocks in the picture is based only on the information in that picture.[1] For all other pictures inter-picture prediction is used in which prediction information is used from other pictures.[1] After the prediction methods are finished and the picture goes through the loop filters the final picture representation is stored in the decoded picture buffer.[1] Pictures stored in the decoded picture buffer can be used for the prediction of other pictures.[1]

HEVC was designed with the idea that progressive scan video would be used and no coding features are present specifically for interlaced video.[1] HEVC instead sends meta-stream data that tells how the interlaced video is sent.[1] Interlaced video may be sent either by coding each field as a separate picture or by coding each frame as a different picture.[1] This allows interlaced video to be sent with HEVC without needing special interlaced decoding processes to be added to HEVC decoders.[1]

[edit] Coding tools

[edit] Prediction block size

HEVC replaces macroblocks, which were used with previous standards, with Coding Tree Units (CTUs) which can use a larger block structures of up to 64×64 pixels and can better sub-partition the picture into variable sized structures.[1][89] HEVC initially divides the picture into CTUs which can be 64×64, 32×32, or 16×16 with a larger pixel block size usually increasing the coding efficiency.[1]

[edit] Parallel processing tools

  • Tiles allow for the picture to be divided up into a grid of rectangular regions that can independently be decoded/encoded and the main purpose of tiles is to allow for parallel processing.[1] Tiles can be independently decoded and can even allow for random access to specific regions of a picture in a video stream.[1]
  • Wavefront parallel processing (WPP) is when a slice is divided into rows of CTUs in which the first row is decoded normally but each additional row requires that decisions be made in the previous row.[1] WPP has the entropy encoder use information from the preceding row of CTUs and allows for a method of parallel processing that may allow for better compression than tiles.[1]
  • Slices can for the most part be decoded independently from each other with the main purpose of tiles being re-synchronization in case of data loss in the video stream.[1] Slices can be defined as self-contained in that prediction is not made across slice boundaries.[1] When in-loop filtering is done on a picture though information across slice boundaries may be required.[1] Slices are CTUs decoded in the order of the raster scan and different coding types can be used for slices such as I types, P types, or B types.[1]
  • Dependent slices can allow for data related to tiles or WPP to be accessed more quickly by the system than if the entire slice had to be decoded.[1] The main purpose of dependent slices is to allow for low delay video encoding due to its lower latency.[1]

[edit] Entropy coding

HEVC uses a context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC) algorithm that is fundamentally similar to CABAC in H.264/MPEG-4 AVC.[1] CABAC is the only entropy encoder method that is allowed in HEVC while there are two entropy encoder methods allowed by H.264/MPEG-4 AVC.[1] CABAC in HEVC was designed for higher throughput.[90] For instance, the number of context coded bins have been reduced by 8x and the CABAC bypass-mode has been improved in terms of its design to increase throughput.[1][90] Another improvement with HEVC is that the dependencies between the coded data has been changed to further increase throughput.[1][90] Context modeling in HEVC has also been improved so that CABAC can better select a context that increases efficiency when compared to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC.[1]

[edit] Intra prediction

HEVC specifies 33 directional modes for intra prediction compared to the 8 directional modes for intra prediction specified by H.264/MPEG-4 AVC.[1] HEVC also specifies planar and DC intra prediction modes.[1] The intra prediction modes use data from neighboring prediction blocks that have been previously decoded.[1]

[edit] Motion compensation

HEVC uses half-sample or quarter-sample precision with a 7-tap or 8-tap filter while in comparison H.264/MPEG-4 AVC uses quarter-sample precision and a 6-tap filter.[1] For 4:2:0 video chroma is filtered with eighth-sample precision and a 4-tap filter while in comparison H.264/MPEG-4 AVC uses a 2-tap filter.[1] Weighted prediction in HEVC can be either uni-prediction in which a single prediction value is used or bi-direction in which the prediction values from two prediction blocks are used.[1]

[edit] Motion vector prediction

HEVC defines a signed 16-bit range for both horizontal and vertical motion vectors (MVs).[31][91][92][93] This was added to HEVC at the July 2012 HEVC meeting with the mvLX variables.[31][91][92][93] HEVC horizontal/vertical MVs have a range of -32768 to 32767 which given the quarter pixel precision used by HEVC allows for a MV range of -8192 to 8191.75 luma samples.[31][91][92][93] This compares to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC which allows for a horizontal MV range of -2048 to 2047.75 luma samples and a vertical MV range of -512 to 511.75 luma samples.[92]

HEVC allows for two MV modes which are Advanced Motion Vector Prediction (AMVP) and merge mode.[1] AMVP uses data from the reference picture and can also use data from adjacent prediction blocks.[1] The merge mode allows for the MVs to be inherited from neighboring prediction blocks.[1] Merge mode in HEVC is similar to “skipped” and “direct” motion inference modes in H.264/MPEG-4 AVC but with two improvements.[1] The first improvement is that HEVC uses index information to select one of several available candidates.[1] The second improvement is that HEVC uses information from the reference picture list and reference picture index.[1]

[edit] Inverse transforms

HEVC specifies four transform units (TUs) sizes of 4×4, 8×8, 16×16, and 32×32 to code the prediction residual.[1] A CTB may be recursively partitioned into 4 or more TUs.[1] TUs use integer basis functions that are similar to the discrete cosine transform (DCT).[1] In addition 4×4 luma transform blocks that belong to an intra coded region are transformed using an integer transform that is derived from discrete sine transform (DST).[1] This provides a 1% bit rate reduction but was restricted to 4×4 luma transform blocks due to marginal benefits for the other transform cases.[1] Chroma uses the same TU sizes as luma so there is no 2×2 transform for chroma.[1]

[edit] Loop filters

HEVC specifies two loop filters that are applied in order, with the deblocking filter (DBF) applied first and the sample adaptive offset (SAO) filter applied afterwards.[1] Both loop filters operate during the inter-picture prediction loop.[1]

[edit] Deblocking filter

The DBF is similar to the one used by H.264/MPEG-4 AVC but with a simpler design and better support for parallel processing.[1] In HEVC the DBF only applies to a 8×8 sample grid while with H.264/MPEG-4 AVC the DBF applies to a 4×4 sample grid.[1] DBF uses a 8×8 sample grid since it causes no noticeable degradation and significantly improves parallel processing because the DBF no longer causes cascading interactions with other operations.[1] Another change is that HEVC only allows for three DBF strengths of 0 to 2.[1] HEVC also requires that the DBF first apply horizontal filtering for vertical edges to the picture and only after that does it apply vertical filtering for horizontal edges to the picture.[1] This allows for multiple parallel threads to be used for the DBF.[1]

[edit] Sample adaptive offset

The SAO filter is applied after the DBF and is made to allow for better reconstruction of the original signal amplitudes by using offsets from a transmitted look up table.[1][94] Per CTB the SAO filter can be disabled or applied in one of two modes: edge offset mode or band offset mode.[1][94] The edge offset mode operates by comparing the value of a sample to two of its eight neighbors using one of four directional gradient patterns.[1][94] Based on a comparison with these two neighbors, the sample is classified into one of five categories: minimum, two types of edges, maximum, or neither.[1][94] For each of the first four categories an offset is applied.[1][94] The band offset mode applies an offset based on the amplitude of a single sample.[1][94] The sample is categorized by its amplitude into one of 32 bands.[1][94] Offsets are specified for four consecutive of the 32 bands, because in flat areas which are prone to banding artifacts, samples amplitudes tend to be clustered in a small range.[1][94] The SAO filter was designed to increase picture quality, reduce banding artifacts, and reduce ringing artifacts.[1][94]

[edit] Profiles

The January 2013 HEVC draft defines three profiles: Main, Main 10, and Main Still Picture.[31] It also contains provisions for additional profiles.[31] Future extensions that are being discussed for HEVC include increased bit depth, 4:2:2/4:4:4 chroma subsampling, Multiview Video Coding (MVC), and SVC.[1][95] The first version of HEVC is expected in January 2013 with HEVC range extensions expected in January 2014.[96]

A profile is a defined set of coding tools that may be used to create a bitstream that conforms to that profile.[1] An encoder for a profile may choose which features to use as long as it generates a conforming bitstream while a decoder for a profile must support all features that can be used in that profile.[1] Current HEVC profiles have the following constraints:[1][31]

  • Chroma subsampling is limited to 4:2:0.
  • Decoded picture buffer size restricted to 6 pictures for the maximum luma picture size of that level. The decoded picture buffer size can increase to a maximum of 16 pictures if the luma picture size of the video is smaller than the maximum luma picture size of that level.
  • WPP and tiles are allowed but are optional. If tiles are present they must be at least 64 pixels high and 256 pixels wide with a level specific limit on the number of tiles allowed.

[edit] Main

The Main profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits per color which is the most common type of video used with consumer devices.[31][97]

[edit] Main 10

The Main 10 profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits to 10-bits per color.[31] A higher bit depth allows for a greater number of colors.[98] The Main 10 profile allows for improved video quality since it can support video with a higher bit depth than what is supported by the Main profile.[98] Additionally, in the Main 10 profile 8-bit content can be coded with a higher bit depth of 10-bits, which allows improved coding efficiency compared to the Main profile.[85][99][100][101] In a PSNR based performance comparison released in April 2013 the Main 10 profile was compared to the Main profile using a set of 3840×2160 10-bit video sequences.[85] The 10-bit video sequences were converted to 8-bits for the Main profile and remained at 10-bits for the Main 10 profile.[85] In the performance comparison the Main 10 profile provided a 7% bit rate reduction for inter-frame video coding compared to the Main profile.[85] The performance comparison states that the results indicate that there is no increase in bit rate for 10-bit video encoding.[85]

The Main 10 profile was added at the October 2012 HEVC meeting based on proposal JCTVC-K0109 which proposed that a 10-bit profile be added to HEVC for consumer applications.[98] The proposal stated that this was to allow for improved video quality and to support the Rec. 2020 color space that will be used by UHDTV.[98] A variety of companies supported the proposal which included ATEME, BBC, BSkyB, CISCO, DirecTV, Ericsson, Motorola Mobility, NGCodec, NHK, RAI, ST, SVT, Thomson Video Networks, Technicolor, and ViXS Systems.[98]

[edit] Main Still Picture

The Main Still Picture profile allows for a single still picture to be encoded with the same constraints as the Main profile.[31] As a subset of the Main profile the Main Still Picture profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits per color.[97] An objective performance comparison was done in April 2012 in which HEVC reduced the average bit rate for images by 56% compared to JPEG.[102] A PSNR based performance comparison for still image compression was done in May 2012 using the HEVC HM 6.0 encoder and the reference software encoders for the other standards.[103] For still images HEVC reduced the average bit rate by 15.8% compared to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, 22.6% compared to JPEG 2000, 30.0% compared to JPEG XR, 31.0% compared to WebP, and 43.0% compared to JPEG.[103]

A performance comparison for still image compression was done in January 2013 using the HEVC HM 8.0rc2 encoder, Kakadu version 6.0 for JPEG 2000, and IJG version 6b for JPEG.[104] The performance comparison used PSNR for the objective assessment and mean opinion score (MOS) values for the subjective assessment.[104] The subjective assessment used the same test methodology and images as those used by the JPEG committee when it evaluated JPEG XR.[104] For 4:2:0 chroma subsampled images the average bit rate reduction for HEVC compared to JPEG 2000 was 20.26% for PSNR and 30.96% for MOS while compared to JPEG it was 61.63% for PSNR and 43.10% for MOS.[104]

Comparison of standards for still image compression based on equal PSNR and MOS[104]
Still image coding
standard (test method)		 Average bit rate reduction compared to
JPEG 2000 JPEG
HEVC (PSNR) 20.26% 61.63%
HEVC (MOS) 30.96% 43.10%

A PSNR based HEVC performance comparison for still image compression was done in April 2013 by Nokia.[105] HEVC has a larger performance improvement for higher resolution images than lower resolution images and a larger performance improvement for lower bit rates than higher bit rates.[105] For lossy compression to get the same PSNR as HEVC took on average 1.4× more bits with JPEG 2000, 1.6× more bits with JPEG-XR, and 2.3× more bits with JPEG.[105]

[edit] Tiers and levels

Main article: High Efficiency Video Coding tiers and levels

The January 2013 HEVC draft defines two tiers, Main and High, and thirteen levels.[1][31] A level is a set of constraints for a bitstream.[1][31] For levels below level 4 only the Main tier is allowed.[1][31] The Main tier is a lower tier than the High tier.[1][31] The tiers were made to deal with applications that differ in terms of their maximum bit rate.[1] The Main tier was designed for most applications while the High tier was designed for very demanding applications.[1] A decoder that conforms to a given tier/level is required to be capable of decoding all bitstreams that are encoded for that tier/level and for all lower tiers/levels.[1][31]

Tiers and levels with maximum property values[31]
Level Max luma sample rate
(samples/s)		 Max luma picture size
(samples)		 Max bit rate for Main and Main 10 profiles (kbit/s) Example picture resolution @
highest frame rate[A]
(MaxDpbSize[B])
Main tier High tier
1 552,960 36,864 128 - 128×96@33.7 (6)
176×144@15.0 (6)
2 3,686,400 122,880 1,500 - 176×144@100.0 (16)
352×288@30.0 (6)
2.1 7,372,800 245,760 3,000 - 352×288@60.0 (12)
640×360@30.0 (6)
3 16,588,800 552,960 6,000 - 640×360@67.5 (12)
720×576@37.5 (8)
960×540@30.0 (6)
3.1 33,177,600 983,040 10,000 - 720×576@75.0 (12)
960×540@60.0 (8)
1280×720@33.7 (6)
4 66,846,720 2,228,224 12,000 30,000 1,280×720@68.0 (12)
1,920×1,080@32.0 (6)
2,048×1,080@30.0 (6)
4.1 133,693,440 20,000 50,000 1,280×720@136.0 (12)
1,920×1,080@64.0 (6)
2,048×1,080@60.0 (6)
5 267,386,880 8,912,896 25,000 100,000 1,920×1,080@128.0 (16)
3,840×2,160@32.0 (6)
4,096×2,160@30.0 (6)
5.1 534,773,760 40,000 160,000 1,920×1,080@256.0 (16)
3,840×2,160@64.0 (6)
4,096×2,160@60.0 (6)
5.2 1,069,547,520 60,000 240,000 1,920×1,080@300.0 (16)
3,840×2,160@128.0 (6)
4,096×2,160@120.0 (6)
6 1,069,547,520 35,651,584 60,000 240,000 3,840×2,160@128.0 (16)
7,680×4,320@32.0 (6)
8,192×4,320@30.0 (6)
6.1 2,139,095,040 120,000 480,000 3,840×2,160@256.0 (16)
7,680×4,320@64.0 (6)
8,192×4,320@60.0 (6)
6.2 4,278,190,080 240,000 800,000 3,840×2,160@300.0 (16)
7,680×4,320@128.0 (6)
8,192×4,320@120.0 (6)
A The maximum frame rate supported by HEVC is 300 fps.[31]
B The MaxDpbSize, maximum number of decoded picture buffers, for the maximum luma picture size of that level is 6 for all levels.[1][31] The MaxDpbSize can increase to a maximum of 16 frames if the luma picture size of the video is smaller than the maximum luma picture size of that level in incremental steps of 4/3×, 2×, or 4×.[1][31]

[edit] Versions

Versions of the HEVC/H.265 standard using the ITU-T approval dates.

  • Version 1: (April 13, 2013) First approved version of the HEVC/H.265 standard containing Main, Main 10, and Main Still Picture profiles.[28][29][30]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

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