ここからサイトの主なメニューです
JAPAN'S MODERN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
PREFACE
Information of The Publication
CHAPTER 1  EDUCATION DURING THE LATE EDO AND EARLY MEIJI PERIODS
1  Education at the End of the Shogunate
(l)  Education within Samurai Families
(2)  Education for Commoners
(3)   Girls' Education
(4)  Country Schools
(5)  The Development of Private Schools
(6)   Western Learning and the Development of Schools for Western Learning
2  The Educational Policy of the New Meiji Government
(1)  The New Meiji Government's Plans for the Establishment of Higher Educational Institutions
(2)  The Establishment of the Grand School and the University
(3)  The University Regulations and the Middle and Elementary School Regulations
(4)  Planning for the Establishment of Elementary Schools for the General Populace
(5)  The Propagation of the Great Doctrine by the Government
(6)  The Introduction of Western Civilization and the Dispatch of Students Abroad
(7)  Civilization and Enlightenment and Schools for Western Learning
(8)  The Establishment of Middle Schools and Girls' Schools
(9)  The Establishment of Elementary Schools and New Country Schools
CHAPTER 2  THE FORMATION OF THE MODERN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
1  The Establishment of the Department of Education
2  The Proclamation of the Education System Order
(1)  Planning for the Establishment of a Modern Educational System
(2)  The Drafting and Proclamation of the Education System Order
(3)  The Concept of Education in the Education System Order
(4)  The Fundamental Characteristics of the Education System Order
(5)  The Content of the Education System Order
a. Outline of the School District System
b. General Outline of the School System
c. Regulations for Students Studying Abroad and Students on Scholarships
d. The Financing of Schools under the Education System Order
3  Education during the Period of the Education System Order
(1) The Enforcement of the Education System Order
a. Procedures of the Education System Order and Educational Policies
b. Local Educational Administration and the Establishment of School Districts
c. Tanaka Fujimaro and David Murray
d. Japanese Students Studying Abroad and Foreign Teachers in Japan
(2) Elementary Education
a. The Establishment of Elementary Schools and Attendance
b. Curricula and Textbooks
c. The Reform of Educational Methods
d. The Opening of Kindergartens
(3) Middle Level Education
a. The Middle School System as Provided for in the Education System Order
b. Middle School Curriculum
c. The Opening of Middle Schools
d. Middle Level Foreign Language Schools
e. Middle Level Education for Girls
(4) Higher Education
a. Higher Education in the Early Meiji Era
b. The Founding of the University of Tokyo
(5) Teacher Training
a. The Establishment of the Normal School
b. The Increase of Government Normal Schools
c. Teacher Training by the Prefectural Governments
4  The Establishment of the Education Orders
(1) The Establishment of the 1879 Education Order
a. The Growing Criticism of the Education System Order
b. The Drafting and Proclamation of the 1879 Education Order
(2) The Content and Characteristics of the 1879 Education Order
(3) The 1880 Education Order
a. Criticism Directed toward the 1879 Education Order
b. The Proclamation of the 1880 Education Order
(4) The Content and Characteristics of the 1880 Education Order
(5) The 1885 Education Order
5  Education during the Period of the Education Orders
(1) The Enforcement of the 1879 Education Order
a. Local Jurisdiction of Education
b. Changes in the Structure of the Department of Education
c. The lssuance and Enforcement of Various Regulations
(2) The Revival of Traditional Thought and Changes in Educational Policy
a. The Imperial Will on the Great Principles of Education
b. Changes in Educational Policy
(3) Elementary Education
a. Elementary School System
b. Attendance at Elementary Schools
c. Methods and Curriculum in Elementary Schools
d. The Development of Kindergartens
(4) Middle Level Education
a. The Standardization of Middle Schools
b. Middle Level Education for Girls
c. Vocational Schools
(5) Higher Education
a. The University of Tokyo
b. Specialized Schools
(6) Teacher Education
CHAPTER 3  THE ESTABLISHMENT AND CONSOLIDATION OF THE MODERN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
1  The Educational Policy of Education Minister Mori Arinori and the Promulgation of the Various School Orders
(1)  The Educational Policy of Education Minister Mori Arinori
a. The Cabinet System and the Minister of Education
b. Mori Arinori as the First Minister of Education
c. The Educational Policy of Education Minister Mori Arinori
(2)  The Promulgation of the Various School Orders
2  The Development of Elementary Education
(1)  The Promulgation of the 1886, 1890 and 1900 Elementary School Orders
a. The 1886 Elementary School Order
b. The Establishment of a Policy for Compulsory Education
c. The 1890 Elementary School Order
d. The 1900 Elementary School Order
e. The Establishment of Kindergartens
(2)  The Advancement of Compulsory Education and the Upturn in the Attendance Rate
a. The Abolition of Tuition and the Clarification of Rules for Compulsory Attendance
b. The Upward Trend in the Attendance Rate
c. The Establishment of the Six-year Compulsory Education System
3  The Meiji Constitution and the Imperial Rescript on Education
(1)  The Promulgation of the Meiji Constitution and Educatron
(2)  The Drafting and lssuance of the Imperial Rescript on Education
(3)   Education after the Issuance of the Imperial Rescript on Education
4  The Development of Middle Level Education
(1)  The Promulgation of the 1886 and 1899 Middle School Orders and Their Revisions
a. The Promulgation of the 1886 Middle School Order
b. The 1891 Revision of the 1886 Middle School Order
c. The Promulgation of the 1899 Middle School Order
(2)  The Promulgation of the Girls' High School Order
a. The Issuance of the 1895 Girls' High School Regulations
b. The Promulgation of the Girls' High School Order
c. Girls' High Schools and Practical Education
5  The Development of Higher Education
(1)  The Establishment of the Imperial University
a. The Promulgation of the 1886 Imperial University Order
b. The Structure of the Imperial University
c. The Expansion of the Imperial University System
d. Academic Degree System
(2)   From Higher Middle Schools to Higher Schools
a. The Founding of the Higher Middle Schools
b. The Promulgation of the 1894 Higher School Order
c. Higher Schools as the Preparatory Course for the Imperial Universities
d. The Promulgation of the Higher Middle School Order
(3)  The Systematization and Expansion of Specialized Education
a. The Promulgation of the Specialized School Order
b. Specialized Schools and Private Schools
6  Teachers and the Development of Teacher Training
(1)  Normal School System
a. The Promulgation of the Normal School Order
b. The 1897 Normal Education Order and the Expansion of Normal Education
c. The Issuance of the 1907 Normal School Regulations
d. Qualifications and Treatment of Elementary School Teachers
e. Standards for Middle Level School Teachers
f. Rank and Fringe Benefits for Teachers
7  The Systematization of Industrial Education
(l) The Development of the Industrial Education System
a. The Policy of Education Minister Inoue Kowashi with respect to Industrial Education
b. Vocational Supplementary Schools, Apprentice Schools, and Simplified Agricultural Schools
c. The Law for Subsidizing Vocational Education Expenses from the National Treasury
(2) The Vocational School Order and the Consolidation of Industrial Education
8  The Question of Education System Reform
(1) The Problem of Reforming the Educational System
(2) The Establishment of the Higher Conference on Education
(3) The Higher Conference on Education and Education System Reform
9  Curriculums and Textbooks
(1)  The Consolidation of the Curriculums of the Various Schools
(2)  The Implementation of a Textbook Authorization System
(3)  The Completion of State Editing of Elementary School Textbooks
CHAPTER 4  THE EXPANSION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
1  An Outline of Educational Policy during and after World War I
(1)  The Establishment of the Special Council for Education
(2)  The Reform of the Educational System Based upon the Recommendations of the Special Council for Education
(3)  The Educational and Cultural Policy Council
(4)  Ideological Problems and the Education Renovation Council
2  Reforms in Elementary Education
(1)  Reforms in Elementary Education
(2)  Problems of Prolonging the Period of Compulsory Education
(3)  The Kindergarten Order
3  Reforms in Middle Level Education
(1)  Reforms in Middle Schools
(2)  Reforms in Girls' High Schools
4  Expansion and Reform in Higher Education
(1)  The University Order and the Growth of Universities
(2)  Reforms in Higher Schools
(3)  The Spread of Specialized Schools
5  Reforms in the Teacher Training System
6  Reforms in Vocational Education
7  The Development of Special Education
8  The Promotion of Social Education
9  Educational Administration and Finance
(1)  Reforms of the Central Administrative Agencies for Education
(2)  The Development of Local Administrative Agencies Concerned with Education
(3)  National Treasury's Share of Compulsory Education Expenses and Other National Subsidies for Educatuon
(4)  School Construction
CHAPTER 5  WARTIME EDUCATION
1  The 1937 Education Council and Educational Reforms
(1)  The Need for Reform in the Educational System
(2)  Reforms within School Education
(3)  Reforms in Social Education
(4)  The Structure of Educational Administration
2  Education in National Schools and Pupil Evacuation
(l)  From Elementary Schools to National Schools
(2)  Reforms of the System
(3)  Curriculum Reforms
(4)  Reforms in Teaching Methods
(5)  The Evacuation of Pupils
3  Middle Level Education
(1)  Reform Policy for the Middle Level Education System
(2)  Increase in the Number of Middle Schools and Girls' High Schools
(3)  Curricula and Training in Middle and Girls' High School
(4)  The Nationalization of Middle Level School Textbooks
4  The Reorganization of Higher Education
(1)  Higher Education Reform Policy
(2)  The Curtailment of Lengths of Courses of Universities, Higher Schools and Specialized Schools
(3)  The Strengthening of the Wartime Educational System
5  Special Education
6  Social Education
(1)  General Mobilization for Boosting the National Spirit
(2)  The Implementation of the Compulsory Youth School System
(3)  Actual Conditions within the Youth Schools
(4)  The Organization of the Greater Japan Youth and Child Group
(5)  The Organization of the Greater Japan Association of Women
(6)  The Formation of the Greater Japan Congress for Instruction in Patriotism
7  Educational Administration and Finance
(1)  The Establishment of the Nationalism Instruction Bureau
(2)  The Establishment of the Science Bureau and Physical Education Bureau
(3)  Textbook Administration
(4)  Reforms within the Local System of Educational Administration
(5)  The 1940 Law concerning the National Treasury's Share of Compulsory Education Expenses
CHAPTER 6  EDUCATIONAL REFORMS DURING THE OCCUPATION PERIOD
1  The Character of Postwar Education
2  Basic Policies for the "New Education"
(1)  Educational Policy for the Construction of a New Japan
(2)  GHQ Directives concerning Supervisory Policies and Educational Administration
(3)  Report of the United States Education Mission to Japan
(4)  A Guide for the "New Education"
(5)  The Education Reform Committee
(6)  The Treatment of the Imperial Rescript on Education; and the Establishment of the Constitution of Japan and the Fundamental Law of Education
3  The Establishment of the New Educational System
(1)  The Enactment of the School Education Law
(2)  The Implementation of the New Educational System and Courses of Study
(3)  The Kindergarten System
(4)  The Creation of Lower Secondary Schools
(5)  The Inauguration of Upper Secondary Schools and the Three Principles
(6)  The New University System
(7)  Teacher Training
(8)  Special Regulations concerning Educational Personnel
(9)  Financial Aid to Private Schools
(10)  Conditions of Students
(11)  The Promotion of Social Education
(12)  Physical Education and Athletics
(13)  Reforms of the Educational Administrative System
CHAPTER 7  THE CONSOLIDATION OF THE NEW EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
1  Educational Development after the End of the Occupation
2  The Consolidation of the Six-Three Compulsory Education System
3  Revisions of the Courses of Study and the Development of Teaching Method
4  The Expansion and Diversification of the Upper Secondary Schools
5  The Improvement of Textbooks
6  The Development of Higher Education
(1)  The Growth of Higher Education
(2)  The Reform of the System of Higher Education
(3)  The Development of Faculties and Departments
(4)  The Development of the National Universities
(5)  Graduate Schools
(6)  Scholarships and Student Welfare
(7)  Student Movements
(8)  University Reform
(9)  Entrance Examinations
7  The Promotion of Private Schools
8  Teacher Training
(1)  Teacher Training Programs
(2)  In-service Training for Teachers
(3)  Working Conditions of Teachers
9  The Development of Social Education
10  The Development of Physical Education, School Health, and School Lunch Programs
11  Educational Administration and Finance
CHAPTER 8  THE ADMINISTRATION OF SCIENTIFICAND CULTURAL AFFAIRS
1  The Development of Science and the Administration of Scientific Affairs
(1)  The Introduction of Modern Science and Development of Science in the Meiji Era
(2)  The Development of Science and the Administration of Scientific Affairs in the Taisho Era
(3)  The Strengthening of the Academic Structure and the Ministry of Education in the Prewar Years of the Showa Era
(4)  The Reorganization of the Structure of Scientific Research in the Postwar Period
2  The Promotion of Culture and the Administration of Cultural Affairs
(1)  The Administration of the Art
(2)  Measures on behalf of Problems Inherent in the Japanese Language
(3)  Changes in the Copyright System and the Administration of Copyright
(4)  The Protection of Cultural Properties
(5)  The Administrative Structure for Cultural Affairs
3  The Administration of Religious Affairs
4  International Exchange in the Fields of Science and Culture
(1)  International Scientific Exchange in the Prewar Period
(2)  International Cultural Exchange in the Prewar Period
(3)  The Development of International Exchange in Scientific and Cultural Affairs in the Postwar Period
a. The Exchange of Researchers and Teachers
b. The Invitation of Foreign Students to Japan and Other Means of Educational Cooperation
c. International Exchange in the Field o.f Science
(4)  Japan's Participation in UNESCO
CHART INDEX
Table 2-1. Number of Students Studying Abroad in the Department of Education Programs (1875-1885)
Table 2-2. Number of Foreign Teachers
Table 2-3. Elementary School Figures (1873-1879)
Table 2-4. Attendance Rate of School Age Children (1873-1879)
Table 2-5. Curriculum Specified in the May, 1873 Revision of the Normal School's Regulations for the Course of Study for the Lower Division of the Elementary School
Table 2-6. Elementary School Figures (1880-1885)
Table 2-7. Attendance Rate of School-Age Children (1880-1885)
Table 3-1. Higher Elementary Schools and Pupils
Chart 3-1. Trends in the Number of Kindergartens by type of Establisher
Table 3-2. Trends in the Attendance Rate of School-Age Children for Compulsory Education
Table 3-3. Trends in the Number of Normal Schools and Normal School Graduates
Table 3-4. Subjects and Weekly Subject Hours for Elementary Schools (1886, 1891)
Table 3-5. Subjects and Weekly Subject Hours for Ordinary Elementary Schools (1908)
Table 3-6. Subjects and Weekly Subject Hours for Higher Elementary Schools (1908)
Table 3-7. Subjects and Weeldy Subject Hours for Ordinary Middle Schools (1886)
Table 3-8. Subjects and Weekly Subject Hours for Middle Schools (1901)
Table 3-9. Subjects and Weekly Subject Hours for Girls' High Schools (Four-Year Course) (1901)
Table 4-1. Subjects and Weekly Subject Hours for Ordinary Elementary Schools (1919)
Table 4-2. Subjects and Weekly Subject Hours for Higher Elementary Schools (1926)
Table 4-3. Number of Schools and Students in Vocational Schools
Table 4-4. Calamities in the Late Taisho and Early Showa Eras
Table 5-1. Actual Conditions within the Youth Schools
Table 6-1. Subjects and Number of Hours for Elementary Schools (1947)
Table 6-2. Subjects and Number of Hours for Lower Secondary Schools (1947)
Table 6-3. Subjects and an Example of Number of Hours for E ementary Schools (1951)
Table 6-4. Subjects and Number of Hours for Lower Secondary Schools (1951)
Table 6-5. Subjects, Subject Subdivisions (Kamoku), and Number of Hours and Credits for Upper Secondary Schools (1951)
Table 6-6. Comparison of Prewar and Postwar Physiques (Eleven-year-olds)
Table 7-1. Subjects and Moral Education, and Minimum Number of Hours for Elementary Schools (1961)
Table 7-2. Subjects and Other Curricular Areas, and Number of Flours for Lower Secondary Schools. (1972)
Table 7-3. Nationwide Surveys of Scholastic Achievement 1. Elementary schools 2. Lower secondary schools 3. Upper secondary schools
Table 7-4. Increase in the Percentage of Lower Secondary School Graduates Continuing onto Upper Secondary Schools
Table 7-5. Comparison of Number of Required Subject Subdivisions (Kamoku) and Credits for Upper Secondary Schools before and after the Curriculum Revision to Be Implemented in 1973
Table 7-6. Enrollment in Universities and Junior Colleges
Table 7-7. Female Students as a Percentage of the Total University and Junior College Enrollment
Table 7-8. Students Enrolled in Private Institutions as a Percentage of the Total University and Junior College Enrollment
Table 7-9. Changes in the Percentage Distribution of the University and Junior College Students according to Field of Specialization
Table 7-10. Number of National Universities Which Reorganized the Faculty of Arts and Sciences by Academic Year
Table 7-l1. Number of National Universities Which Established Colleges of General Education by Academic Year
Table 7-12. Number of Local Public Universities Incorporated into the National University System
Table 7-13. Amounts of Scholarships Awarded by the Japan Scholarship Foundation as Student Loans per Month
Table 8-l. Students Sent Abroad by the Ministry of Education (until 1885 the Department of Education) according to Fiscal Year
APPENDIXES
APPENDIXES
1  Report of the Central Council for Education on Basic Guidelines for an Overall Reform of School Education
2  Report of the Social Education Council on Social Education in a Rapidly Changing Society
STATUTES(1868-1971)
1  Prewar System (1868 -1945)
(1) Educational
(2) Scientific
(3) Cultural
(4)General
2.   Postwar System
(1)  Educational
(2)  Scientific
(3)  Cultural
(4)  General
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF EVENTS
CHARTS
STATISTICS
1.Prewar System
2.Postwar System
Back to Top   MEXT HOME