Worldbirdnames.org

RANGES

A brief description of the range of each species is available on the spreadsheets. This range information is broad stroke; see below for terminology and abbreviations. With a few exceptions, we describe original ranges, not locations where a species is introduced. John Penhallurick's website World Bird Info provides detailed ranges of species and subspecies (into suboscines with steady progress).

RANGE UPDATES - IOC Version 2.10 (Draft)
Seq	Species	Scientific Name	Update




RANGE UPDATES - IOC Version 2.9 (July 10, 2011)
Seq	Species	Scientific Name	Update
22	Southern [Western] Rockhopper Penguin	Eudyptes chrysocome	Cape Horn to the Falkland Is;Kerguelen Is.; Subantarctic islands of New Zealand
37	Bar-winged Rail	Nesoclopeus poecilopterus	PO, not AU
62	Banded Fruit Dove	Ptilinopus cinctus	Bali, Lesser Sundas
83	Bllue-headed Bee=eater	Merops muelleri	s Cameroon to w Kenya
85	Chestnut-tipped Toucanet	Aulacorhynchus derbianus	se Colombia to ne Bolivia
85	Black-mandibled Toucan	Ramphastos ambiguus	se Honduras to w Ecuador (swainsonii), w Venezuela to c Peru (ambiguus)
132	Southern [Common] Fiscal	Lanius collaris	Namibia, sw Angola east to s Mozambique, Natal south to Cape Province,also ne, c, sw Tanzania, n Malawi
138	Transvolcanic [Mexican] Jay	Aphelocoma ultramarina	c Mexico from Colima east to Veracruz
155	Eurasian Reed Warbler	Acrocephalus scirpaceus	Europe and nw Africa to c Asia; Arabian Peninsula, ne Africa
163	Principe White-eye	Zosterops ficedulinus	Principe (only)

RANGE UPDATES - IOC Version 2.8 (MAR 31,2011)
Seq	Species	Scientific Name	Update
14	Plain Chachalaca	Ortalis vetula	s Texas to nw Costa Rica
15	Crested Bobwhite	Colinus cristatus	Costa Rica through n SA
18	Cheer Pheasant	Catreus wallichii	OR not EU
24	Barolo [Macaronesian] Shearwater	Puffinus baroli	Azores, Madeira, Canary Is, but not Cape Verde Is (P. boydi)
25	Great Crested Grebe	Podiceps cristatus	Add EU
28	(Western) Great Egret	Ardea alba	NA, SA, AF, EU, OR, AU; Worldwide
73	Curve-winged [Wedge-tailed] Sabrewing	Campylopterus curvipennis	ec Mexico from se San Luis Potosi to Veracruz, ne Puebla, n Oaxaca
86	Brown-headed Barbet	Megalaima zeylanica	Add Sri Lanka to the breeding range
91	Lesser Goldenback	Dinopium benghalense	Indian subcontinent; records in Burma doubtful (Rasmussen & Anderton 2005)
111	Black-faced Antthrush	Formicarius analis	Honduras through n Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil
129	Marshall's Iora	Aegithina nigrolutea	Delete Pakistan from the breeding range; add Sri Lanka
130	Black-headed Cuckooshrike	Coracina melanoptera	Add Sri Lanka
133	Sikkim Wedge-billed Babbler	Sphenocichla humei	Endemic to India; does not occur in Burma
143	Fire-capped Tit	Cephalopyrus flammiceps	Breeding range erroneously includes central India, which is actually the wintering range for the species.
145	White-throated Bushtit	Aegithalos niveogularis	OR not EU
157	Green-crowned Warbler	Seicercus burkii	OR not EU
159	Nepal Wren-babbler	Pnoepyga immaculata	Breeding range should also include Indian Himalayas west of Nepal
159	Naga Wren-Babbler	Spelaeornis chocolatinus	Endemic to India; does not occur in Vietnam as given in the list
160	Common Babbler	Turdoides caudata	OR not EU
167	Kashmir Nuthatch	Sitta cashmirensis	OR not EU
173	Tickell's Thrush	Turdus unicolor	OR not EU
176	White-browed Bush Chat	Saxicola macrorhynchus	Formerly present in Afghanistan and Pakistan; now restricted to nw India.
182	Purple-rumped Sunbird	Leptocoma zeylonica	Indian subcontinent; records in Burma doubtful (Rasmussen & Anderton 2005)
184	Sind Sparrow	Passer pyrrhonotus	OR not EU
193	Golden-rumped Euphonia	Euphonia cyanocephala	n Colombia to Trinidad and the Guianas, south to n Argentina, se Brazil, e Paraguay
202	White-browned [Stripe-headed] Brush Finch	Arremon torquatus	s Peru, Bolivia, Argentina (includes torquatus, fimbriatus, and borelli)
202	Black-headed Brush Finch	Arremon atricapillus	c, e Panama. Colombian Andes (includes atricapillus and tacarcunae)

RANGE UPDATES - IOC Version 2.7 (DEC 29,2010)
Seq	Species	Scientific Name	Update
56	Eastern Ground Parrot	Pezoporus wallicus	se Australia, Tasmania
68	Blyth's Frogmouth	Batrachostomus affinis	N Thailand, s Burma, c Vietnam to peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo
73	Wedge-tailed Sabrewing	Campylopterus curvipennis	ec Mexico,Yucatan to Guatemala and Belize;ne Honduras (repeat Update v2.3)
80	Guianan [Violaceous] Trogon	Trogon violaceus	s Venezuela, n Brazil, the Guianas, Trinidad
120	Western [Thick-billed] Grasswren	Amytornis textilis	w,s Australia
149	Yellow-throated Apalis	Apalis flavigularis	Malawi (endemic), not Mozambique
150	Olive-winged Bulbul	Pynonotus plumosus	s Burma and s Thailand, peninsular Malaysia, Greater Sundas
158	Swee Waxbill	Coccopygia (Estrilda) melanotis	AF, s
179	Verditer Flycatcher	Eumyias thalassinus	Himalayas to Southeast Asia, Sumatra & Borneo
204	Black-eared Hemispingus	Hemispingus melanotis	sw Venezuela to wc Bolivia
204	Western Hemispingus	Hemispingus ochraceus	sw Colombia, w Ecuador
204	Piura Hemispingus	Hemispingus piurae	sw Ecuador, nw Peru

RANGE UPDATES - IOC Version 2.6 (Oct 23, 2010)
Seq	Species	Scientific Name	Update
68	Javan Frogmouth	Batrachostomus javensis	w,c Java
69	[Eastern] Whip-poor-will	Caprimulgus vociferus	Nonbreeding: se USA, n Mexico to Costa Rica
91	Bay Woodpecker	Blythipicus pyrrhotis	Nepal to s Vietnam & se China, peninsular Malaysia
94	{Javan] Banded Pitta	Hydrornis [Pitta] guajanus	Java
94	Red-bellied Pitta	Erythropitta erythrogaster	add Sula Is with lump of Sula Pitta
99	Warbling Doradito	Pseudocolopteryx flaviventris	se Brazil, Uruguay, n and c Argentina; Winters to ne Argentina, Paraguay, e Bolivia.
121	White-naped Honeyeater	Melithreptus lunatus	e Australia
129	Grey-capped Cicadabird	Coracina remota	Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands
131	White-throated Whistler	Pachycephala vitiensis	Santa Cruz Islands, Fiji
136	[Hawaii] Elepaio	Chasiempis sandwichensis	Hawaii, Hawaiian Is
141	Drakensberg Rockjumper	Chaetops aurantius	e South Africa, Lesotho
151	Grey-cheeked Bulbul	Alophoixus bres	Malay Peninsula to Greater Sundas
160	Streaked Laughingthrush	Garrulax lineatus	e Afghanistan, Baluchistan, and Himalayas of n Pakistan to n w Bengal
161	Pied [White-browed] Shrike-babbler	Pteruthius flaviscapis	Java
161	Trilling [Chestnut-fronted] Shrike-babbler	Pteruthius aenobarbus	Java
165	Malagasy [Madagascar] White-eye	Zosterops maderaspatanus	Madagascar, Comores, Aladabra
174	Cocoa Thrush	Turdus fumigatus	n, ne Amazonia, n Colombia to Trinidad, Lesser Antilles in Grenada and St. Vincent [w past inclusion of Lesser Antillean Thrush to conform w AOU].
198	Epaulet Oriole	Icterus cayanensis	n,c SA

RANGE UPDATES - IOC Version 2.5 (July 4, 2010)
Seq	Species	Scientific Name	Update

39	Common Moorhen	Gallinula chloropus	Eurasia, Africa, Indian Ocean islands, s, se Asia to Philippines, n Mariana Is.
63	Horsfield's Bronze Cuckoo	Chrysococcyx basalis	Non-breeding range: Papua New Guinea, Greater and Lesser Sundas, Moluccas.
64	Rusty-breasted Cuckoo	Cacomantis sepulcralis	Malay Peninsula to Philippines, Sulawesi and w, c Moluccas.
64	Eastern Barn Owl	Tyto delicatula	AU: Lesser Sundas, Australasia, sw Pacific.
83	Amazonian Motmot	Momotus momota	Amazonia from se Colombia and the Guyanas to n Argentina
113	Buff-winged Cinclodes	Cinclodes fuscus	Breeding: c, s Chile; c, s Argentina; Nonbreeding: s Brazil, Uruguay, nw Argentina
122	Makira Honeyeater	Meliarchus sclateri	Makira Is (se Solomon Islands).
136	Japanese Paradise Flycatcher	Tersiphone atrocaudata	Non-breeding range: se Asia and Philippines
138	California (Western) Scrub Jay	Aphelocoma californica	Washington state to Baja California
161	Himalayan Cutia	Cutia nipalensis	ADD e Burma to n Indochina and s Yunnan. Peninsular Malaysia.
188	Red-headed Parrot-Finch	Erythrura cyaneovirens	DELETE "Fiji Islands"


RANGE UPDATES - IOC Version 2.4 (Mar 2010)
Seq	Species	Scientific Name	Update

17	Udzungwa Forest Partridge	Xenoperdix udzungwensis	Udzungwa Mountains of s Tanzania
23	Fea's Petrel	Pterodroma feae	Cape Verde Is, ranges e Atlantic
24	Audubon's Shearwater	Puffinus lherminieri	North Atlantic and Caribbean
24	Macaronesian Shearwater	Puffinus baroli	Azores, Madeira, Canary Is, Cape Verde Is
25	Band-rumped Storm Petrel	Oceanodroma castro	e Japan, Hawaiian Is., Galapagos, e North Atlantic from the Azores and Madeira to the Canary Islands, Ascension, St. Helena
34	Philippine Hawk-Eagle	Nizaetus philippensis	Luzon, Philippines (only) with split of S. pinskeri
35	Pygmy Eagle (New Guinea Hawk-Eagle)	Hieraaetus weiskei	New Guinea, Halmahera, Seram
43	Subantarctic Snipe	Coenocorypha aucklandica	Restrict range to "Antipodes Is., Auckland Is." with splits of C. huegeli and C. iredalei
49	Slender-billed Cuckoo-Dove	Macropygia amboinensis	Sulawesi, Moluccas to New Guinea and its islands
57	Greater Vasa Parrot	Coracopsis vasa	Madagascar, Comoros Is
57	Lesser Vasa Parrot	Coracopsis nigra	Madagascar, Comoros Is, Seychelles Is (Praslin)
67	Brown Hawk-Owl	Ninox scutulata	ne Pakistan through s Asia, Malaysia to Borneo & Palawan
86	Black-browed Barbet	Megalaima oorti	w Malaysia, Sumatra
88	Velasquez's Woodpecker	Melanerpes santacruzi	e Mexico s to Nicaragua, islands off Honduras
89	Gabon Woodpecker	Dendropicus gabonensis	s Nigeria, to Zaire, n Angola & w Uganda
89	African Grey Woodpecker	Dendropicus goertae	Mauritania & Senegal to w Ethiopia to nw Tanzania, s Gabon, nw Angola & s-central Zaire
111	Paramillo (formerly Paramo) Tapaculo	Scytalopus canus	w Colombia
125	South Island Kokako	Callaeas cinereus	South I, Stewart I., NZ.
125	South Island Saddleback	Philesturnus carunculatus	South I, NZ
127	Mountain Sooty Boubou	Laniarius poensis	se Nigeria, sw Cameroon, Bioko and Abertine Rift in Zaire, Uganda, Burundi and Rwanda
127	Ethiopian Boubou	Laniarius aethiopicus	Eritrea, Ethiopia, nw Somalia; restricted range follows split of L. major.
154	Large-billed Reed Warbler	Acrocephalus orinus	Breeding Range (recently discovered Timmins et al 2009) ne Afghanistan; Winter Range n India, sc Thailand
154	Winifred's Warbler	Scepomycter winifredae	Uluguru Mts of E Tanzania
174	Forest Robin	Stiphrornis erythrothorax	w,c Africa
176	Siberian Stonechat	Saxicola maurus	Breeds e Caucuses, w Iran, c Siberia, c Asia, w, c China. Winters ne Africa; s Asia
176	African Stonechat	Saxicoloa torquatus	SW Arabian Peninsula, sub-Saharan Africa
187	Black-faced Firefinch	Lagonosticta larvata	Sudan & Ethiopia to w,c Africa
196	Myrtle Warbler	Dendroica coronata	c, e USA and Canada.


RANGE UPDATES - IOC Version 2.3 (Dec 2009)
Seq	Species	Scientific Name	Update
50	Bar-shouldered Dove	Geopelia humeralis	sc, se New Guinea, n, e Australia
73	Wedge-tailed Sabrewing	Campylopterus curvipennis	ec Mexico,Yucatan to Guatemala and Belize;ne Honduras
89	Golden-fronted Woopecker	Melanerpes aurifrons	Texas to sc Mexico
94	Gurney's Pitta	Pitta gurneyi	Peninsular Thailand, s Burma
126	Painted Quail-thrush	Cinclosoma ajax	w, s, se New Guinea
154	Winifred's Warbler	Scepomycter winifredae	ec Tanzania
154	Rodrigues Warbler	Acrocephalus rodericanus	Correct spelling to Rodrigues Island
162	Spectacled Fulvetta	Alcippe ruficapilla	c,s China
162	Grey-cheeked Fulvetta	Alcippe morrisonia	Taiwan
166	Rufous-naped Wren	Campylorhynchus rufinucha	c Veracruz, Mexico
179	Green-backed (Chinese) Flycatcher	Ficedula elisae	NonBreeding Range to: Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, possibly South Korea
186	Rodrigues Fody	Foudia flavicans	Correct spelling to Rodrigues Island
198	Hispaniolan (Greater Antillean) Oriole	Icterus dominicensis	Hispaniola

RANGE UPDATES - IOC Version 2.2 (Aug 2009)
Seq	Species	Scientific Name	Update
46	Sandwich Tern	Thalasseus sandvicensis	Restrict range to EU, AF with split of New World Cabot's Tern
64	Himalayan Cuckoo	Cuculus saturatus	(Breeding) Himalayas to Taiwan w split of C. optatus, (Nonbreeding) Indonesia, Philippines
84	Tickell's Brown Hornbill	Anorrhinus tickelli	s Burma, sw Thailand
139	Collared Crow	Corvus pectoralis	EU, OR
139	Violet Crow	Corvus violaceus	s Moluccas to Seram
163	White-breasted (Greater Rufous-headed) Parrotbill	Paradoxornis ruficepts	ne India, Bhutan and adjacent s China
173	Olive Thrush	Turdus olivaceus	se AF, with split of Abyssinian Thrush

RANGE UPDATES - IOC Version 2.1 (May 2009)
Seq	Species	Scientific Name	Update
23	Waved Albatross	Phoebastria irrorata	Galápagos Is, coastal Ecuador
23	Southern Royal Albatross	Diomedea epomophora	(Breeding) Campbell and Auckland Is., NZ; (Nonbreeding) widespread SO
23	Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross	Thalassarche chlororhynchos	AO, (Breeding) Tristan da Cunha group, (Nonbreeding) widespread in SO
36	Crested Hawk-Eagle	Nisaetus cirrhatus	Himalayas, c,s India & Sri Lanka to Greater Sundas & Philippines
90	Golden-olive Woodpecker	Colaptes rubiginosus	Mexico to Guyana, nw Peru & nw Argentina
58	Olive-throated Parakeet	Aratinga nana	Mexico to w Panama, also Jamaica
52	Banded Fruit Dove	Ptilinopis cinctus	Bali, Lesser Sundas, n Australia. [Not on Java, range extension to n Australia with addition of P.c. alligator.]
46	Lesser Black-backed Gull	Larus fuscus	(Breeding) w Europe to c Northern Siberia; also Greenland and Iceland, (Nonbreeding) n AF, sw Europe to nw India; also e NA
46	Caspian Gull	Larus cacchinans	(Breeding) c Eurasia to ne China, (Nonbreeding ) sw, e Asia
18	Scaly-breasted (=Chesnut-necklaced) Partridge	Arborophila charltonii	Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo" with allocation of ssp tonkiensis to Green-legged Partridge.
67	Northern Pygmy Owl	Glaucidium californicum	w NA from se Alaska to s Baja
67	Mountain Pygmy Owl	Glaucidium gnoma	se Arizona to c Honduras
69	Greater Antillean Nightjar	Caprimulgus cubanensis	Cuba, Hispaniola"
19	Malayan Peacock-Pheasant	Polyplectron malacense	sw Thailand, w Malaysia; records from Sumatra not valid (BLI)
31	Spotted Kestrel	Falco moluccensis	Moluccas, Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, Java & Bali
68	Large Frogmouth	Batrachostomus auritus	Malay Penin., Sumatra, Borneo
161	Himalayan Cutia	Cutia nipalensis	e,c Himalayas to sw Sichuan
184	Grey-breasted Spiderhunter	Arachnothera modesta	s Burma to s Vietnam, Malay Penin., Borneo & Sumatra
142	Black-bibbed Tit	Poecile hypermelaenus	OR
174	White-tailed Alethe	Alethe diademata	w Africa from Senegambia to Togo.
174	Fire-crested Alethe	Alethe castanea	w,c Africa from Nigeria to Uganda.
156	Dusky Warbler	Phylloscopus fuscatus	ne Asia, wc China"; ssp weigoldi reassgined to P. fuligiventer.
156	Smoky Warbler	Phylloscopus fuligiventer	e Himalayas, c, e Tibetan Plateau
156	Tickell's Leaf Warbler	Phylloscopus affinis	Himalayas; range restriciton follows split of P. occisinensis
107	White-streaked Antvireo	Dysithamnus leucostictus	Add n Venezuela to Range
156	Mountain Leaf Warbler	Phylloscopus trivirgatus	Remove Philippines from range.
144	West African Swallow	Cecropis domicella	w Africa from Senegambia to e Sudan
139	Large-billed Crow	Corvus macrorhynchos	EU, OR;e Eurasia also c, s Malay Peninsula, Sundas, Philippines
139	Eastern Jungle Crow	Corvus levaillantii	n India to n Malay Peninsula".
132	Slaty Vireo	Vireo brevipennis	s Mexico"
131	Melanesian Whistler	Pachycephala caledonica	Santa Cruz Is., Vanuatu, New Caledonia
121	Helmeted Friarbird	Philemon buceroides	Lesser Sundas to n Australia
153	Melanesian Thicketbird (formerly Vanuatu Thicketbird)	Megalurulus whitneyi	Guadalcanal in the se Solomon Is., n Vanuatu
153	Bougainville Thicketbird (formerly Melanesian Thicketbird)	Megalurulus llaneae	Bougainville Is. in the c Solomon Islands
192	Cape Canary	Serinus canicollis	s Africa, e Zimbabwe
192	Yellow-crowned Canary	Serinus flavivertex	ne, e Africa, c Angola
194	Red-mantled Rosefinch	Carpodacus rhodochlamys	c, nc Asia
194	Blyth's Rosefinch	Carpodacus grandis	n Afghanistan to w Himalayas
188	Cinderella Waxbill	Estrilda thomensis	w Angola, nw Namibia
196	American Yellow Warbler	Dendroica aestiva	widespread in NA through central plateau of Mexico
196	Mangrove Warbler	Dendroica petechia	extreme s US through West Indies to coastal MA and SA
198	Mexican Cacique	Cacicus melanicterus	w Mexico to se Guatemala
209	Large-billed Seed Finch	Oryzoborus crassirostris	n SA from w Colombia and nw Ecuador to n Brazil
209	Great-billed Seed Finch	Oryzoborus maximiliani	n SA from e Venezuela to n Brazil and se Brazil

RANGE UPDATES - IOC Version 2.0 (January 2009)
Seq	Species	Scientific Name	Update
40	Hottentot Buttonquail	Turnix hottentatus	South Africa
56	Horned Parakeet	Eunymphicus cornutus	AU, New Caledonia
84	Northern Red-billed Hornbill	Tockus erythrorhynchus	s Mauritania through Somalia to ne Tanzania
123	Scarlet Myzomela	Myzomela sanguinolenta	e Australia
123	Red-headed Myzomela	Myzomela erythrocephala	s New Guinea, n Australia
126	Fernando Po Batis	Batis poensis	AF; w,wc from Liberia to n Gabon
136	Red-bellied Paradise Flycatcher	Terpsiphone rufiventer	AF; wc
145	Cape Clapper Lark	Mirafra apiata	sw Namibia, w, sc, S. Africa
145	Black-browed Bushtit	Aegithalos bonvaloti	ne Burma, sw China
164	Orange River White-eye	Zosterops pallidus	Namibia, nw South Africa
179	Tanimbar Flycatcher	Ficedula riedeli	AU
181	Brown-throated Sunbird	Anthreptes malacensis	Burma to Java, also Lesser Sundas & Sulawesi
209	White-collared Seedeater	Sporophila torqueola	NA,MA; s Texas to Panama

RANGE TERMINOLOGY

The ranges on the spreadsheet are presented in a two column format. The first column provides the geographical region(s) at the most general level: North America, Australasia, Pacific Ocean, and so on. The second column adds a qualifier such as (1) “widespread” to “e, se” referring to the general region specified in the first column or (2) the specific countries or parts thereof, for example “e, ne China” to “New Caledonia.” A third column adds a species’ non-breeding range if it differs substantially from the breeding range. Geographical terminology and abbreviations include the following:

A. General regions

North America (NA)–includes the Caribbean
Middle America (MA)—Mexico through Panama
South America (SA)
Latin America (LA)—Middle & South America
Africa (AF)—entire continent rather than south of Sahara
Eurasia (EU)–Europe, Asia from the Middle East through central Asia north of the Himalayas, Siberia and northern China to Japan.
Oriental Region (OR)–South Asia from Pakistan to Taiwan, plus southeast Asia, the Philippines and Greater Sundas.
Australasia (AU)–Wallacea (Indonesian islands east of Wallace’s Line), New Guinea and its islands, Australia, New Zealand and its subantarctic islands, the Solomons, New Caledonia and Vanuatu.
Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Tropical, Temperate, Northern & Southern Oceans (AO, PO, IO, TrO, TO, NO,SO)
Antarctica (AN)
Southern Cone (So. Cone) includes Argentina and Chile south of the Tropic of Capricorn, also Falkland Islands.

B. Regional Qualifiers

Regions of continents or countries by compass (n,e,s,w)
Formal subregions. The Oriental region, for example, includes South Asia (Pakistan to Taiwan and south to Sri Lanka, i.e all Indian subcontinent, plus southern China and Taiwan, but not Burma) and Southeast Asia (Indochina Peninsula from Burma east to s Vietnam, south to Singapore).
Country name(s).
Islands—specific or groups (Gr Sundas = Sumatra, Borneo, and Java).
Landscape feature-Tepuis, Amazonia, Mediterranean Sea, Caribbean, Antarctic Peninsula, Arabian Peninsula, and so on.

>>Range Updates Version 1

RANGES

RANGE UPDATES - IOC Version 2.10 (Draft)

RANGE UPDATES - IOC Version 2.9 (July 10, 2011)

RANGE UPDATES - IOC Version 2.8 (MAR 31,2011)

RANGE UPDATES - IOC Version 2.7 (DEC 29,2010)

RANGE UPDATES - IOC Version 2.6 (Oct 23, 2010)

RANGE UPDATES - IOC Version 2.5 (July 4, 2010)

RANGE UPDATES - IOC Version 2.4 (Mar 2010)

RANGE UPDATES - IOC Version 2.3 (Dec 2009)

RANGE UPDATES - IOC Version 2.2 (Aug 2009)

RANGE UPDATES - IOC Version 2.1 (May 2009)

RANGE UPDATES - IOC Version 2.0 (January 2009)

RANGE TERMINOLOGY

A. General regions

B. Regional Qualifiers