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Over the past 400 years, scientists, inventors, and others have gone a long way toward mastering cold. They have learned how to measure and describe it. They have followed it down into the netherworld of extraordinarily low temperatures, where bizarre things such as superfluidity occur. And they have harnessed it to benefit humanity through advances like air-conditioning and frozen foods. In this interactive time line, trace the trajectory of discovery, from Galileo's invention of the first thermometer-like device in the late 1500s to a low-temperature experiment in 2003 that came within a billionth of a degree of absolute zero.
Published: January 8, 2008
From Galileo's thermoscope to a recent experiment that reached less than a billionth of a degree above absolute zero
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Born the grandson of Alabama slaves, and growing up during segregation, Percy Lavon Julian faced a lifetime of personal and professional challenges. He nevertheless went on to become one of the 20th century's most influential scientists. His work with steroids and alkaloids helped bring about effective treatments for diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and glaucoma, benefiting millions worldwide. Here, trace Julian's most important scientific achievements.
Published: February 6, 2007
Trace the African-American chemist’s most notable scientific achievements through this time line.
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