Silviculture of Yellow-Poplar Stands

Importance of yellow-poplar:Yellow-poplar is one of the most important commercial hardwood species in the United States because of its availability, rapid growth, large size, excellent form, early natural pruning, and the good working quality of the wood. It is widespread geographically and constitutes a large and increasing growing stock on many of our more productive sites. The wood is extremely versatile and continues to be in demand in the furniture and millwork industries. Also, the dwindling supply of softwoods for construction-grade lumber and plywood is opening an even greater potential market for the species. Due to its widespread occurrence in the eastern United States and to the wood-using industries, forest scientists have studied yellow-poplar intensively.

Yellow-poplar silvics/ecology:Because of its wide geographic distribution, it grows under a variety of climatic conditions, but develops best on good sites in Appalachian coves. Yellow-poplar is a shade-intolerant species, producing large crops of wind-dispersed seeds that may remain dormant soil seed banks for several years. It also regenerates by sprouting. Unlike some commercially important timber species, yellow-poplar is relatively free from insect and disease pests.

Site quality and yellow-poplar management: Proper classification of site quality is critical for management of yellow-poplar, a site-sensitive species. Quality of the site will dictate to a large extent species composition; the ease of obtaining regeneration; cultural practices likely to be needed; and; ultimately, growth and yield of the stand. There are several ways of recognizing site capacity for yellow-poplar: tree size at a given age (site index), comparing site-index of other species, or using soil properties and topographic features.

Establishing yellow-poplar regeneration: Because of its silvics and ecology (seed-production characteristics and sprouting ability), yellow-poplar is readily regenerated by natural means. On suitable sites where yellow-poplar is present, harvest of the mature stand by clearcutting, shelterwood, or small patch clearcuts will usually be sufficient to insure establishment of yellow-poplar regeneration. Sometimes, however, it may be necessary to use manual, chemical, or mechanical means to control competing vegetation left after the commercial cut. Clearcutting areas of 1 acre or more is probably the most efficient and economical means to establish yellow-poplar regeneration. Once established, its rapid early height growth allows yellow-poplar to compete successfully with associated species on good sites. In fact, because of yellow-poplars aggressive regenerative ability, many sites occupied by other species -particularly the oaks- are currently being preempted by yellow-poplar. With proper site selection and meticulous care in stock handling, yellow-poplar can be successfully planted with standard machine and hand-planting techniques widely used for many softwood species.

Managing established yellow-poplar stands: Usually little cultural care is required when yellow-poplar is in the seedling-sapling stage. An exception is the need to control grapevines on fertile mountain sites, where grapevines often severely suppress yellow-poplar growth in young stands.  Yellow-poplar stands can grow to maturity and produce acceptable yields and quality logs with minimal management effort. At the same time, they are extremely responsive to management- particularly density control by thinning. Board-foot volume production of yellow-poplar stands is maximized by basal-area stocking that approximates site index. But total growth and yield remain relatively constant over a wide range of densities. Thus, yellow-poplar growth can be redistributed by light, frequent thinnings, or by heavier thinnings at longer intervals.