JULY-SEPTEMBER 2004
Volcano Hazards Program, MS
910
http://lvo.wr.usgs.gov
This report is a preliminary description of unrest in
APRIL-JUNE 2004
EARTHQUAKES
SIERRA
REGIONAL ACTIVITY
SUMMARY OF EDM AND GPS MEASUREMENTS
CONTINUOUS BOREHOLE AND STRAIN MEASUREMENTS
Instrumentation
Highlights
TILT MEASUREMENTS
Instrumentation
Data
MAGNETIC
MEASUREMENTS
BACKGROUND
DATA
CO2
STUDIES
HYDROLOGIC
MONITORING
GROUND WATER LEVEL
MONITORING
SURFACE WATER MONITORING
THERMAL WATER DISCHARGE ESTIMATES
SUMMARY FOR JULY-SEPTEMBER 2004
The
relative quiescence in
An
earthquake swarm that began in the Adobe Hills 20 km east of Mono Lake on
September 18 included M=5.4 and 5.4 earthquakes on the afternoon of the 18th that produced felt shaking throughout the region.
Up-to-date
plots for most of the data summarized here are available on the Long Valley
Observatory web pages (http://lvo.wr.usgs.gov).
CALDERA
ACTIVITY:
Earthquake activity within
As has been true since
1999, earthquake activity in the
The largest earthquake in the Sierra Nevada block
this quarter was a M=3.0 earthquake at 12:32 AM on July 19 located 2 km south
of Grinnell Lake (~9 km south of the caldera boundary). The overall activity
levels showed minor surges in earthquake numbers and magnitudes during the
first three weeks of August and again in mid-September. The September “surge”
included a M=2.8 event on 14th (see Figure S4).
Elsewhere in the region, the onset of a prolonged
earthquake swarm in the Adobe Hills centered roughly 20 km east of Mono Lake
was marked by a M=2.3 earthquake at 12:02 AM on September 18 followed by M=4.0
and 4.1 earthquakes at 12:07 and 12:08 AM, respectively. Activity continued to
intensify through mid-afternoon of the 18th with M=5.5 and M=5.4
earthquakes at 4:02 and 4:43 PM, respectively. These M>5 earthquakes
produced widely felt shaking over the area from
Previous earthquake swarm activity in the Adobe
Hills includes a prolonged swarm of comparable intensity in the summer and fall
of 1980 with M=4.8 and M=4.9 earthquakes on September 7. At the time, however,
this 1980 Adobe Hills swarm was eclipsed by the much more energetic activity in
DEFORMATION
SUMMARY OF EDM AND GPS MEASUREMENTS
John Langbein, Stuart Wilkinson, Elliot Endo, Eugene Iwatsubo, and Jerry
Svarc
Over the
past 6 years, 18 GPS (Global Position System) receivers have been installed
within and near the Long Valley Caldera. Of these, 14 were installed by Elliot
Endo of the Cascades Volcano Observatory. The locations of the 12 receivers
within the caldera are shown in Figure G-1. It is intended that data from these
receivers and a few more additional installations will take over the long-term
monitoring supplied by the two-color EDM (Figure G-2). The site at CASA now has
two receivers; one operating since 1994 and the second one, CA99, installed
this past summer.
Review
of the previous year of a combination of GPS and EDM data indicate negligible
deformation. This is best summarized in
Figure G-2, which shows length changes in the two-color EDM baselines (Figure
G-1) together with line-length changes determined from the continuous GPS data.
Also
see; http://lvo.wr.usgs.gov/monitoring/index.html#deformation
Figure
G-1 Map
showing 2-color EDM baselines
Figure
G-2.
Line-length changes for the EDM baselines (red circles) measured from CASA for
the period May 1984 through October, 2004 compared with continuous GPS data for
the same lines (black crosses).
CONTINUOUS
BOREHOLE STRAIN MEASUREMENTS (Malcolm Johnston, Doug Myren, Bob Mueller and
Stan Silverman)
Instrumentation
Dilational
strain measurements are being recorded continuously at the Devil's Postpile
(POP), Motorcross (MX) near the western moat boundary in the south moat, Big
Springs (BS) just outside the norhtern caldera boundary, and at Phillips
(PLV1), just to the north of the town of
dilational
strain meters and consist of stainless steel cylinders filled with silicon oil
that are cemented in the ground at a depth of about 200m. Changes in volumetric
strain in the ground are translated into displacement and voltage by an
expansion bellows attached to a linear voltage displacement transducer. This
instrument is described in detail by Sacks et al.(Papers
Meteol.
Geophys.,22,195,1971).
.
Figure
D-1.
Locations of dilatometers and tiltmeters.
Data
from the strainmeters are transmitted using satellite telemetry every 10
minutes to a host computer in
Highlights
The
data during this quarter has been relatively quiet at all sites. Data plots for
this period will be included in the 4th quarter report.
TILT MEASUREMENTS (Mal Johnston, Vince
Keller, Bob Mueller and Doug Myren)
Instruments
recording crustal tilt in the Long Valley caldera are of two types - 1)
a long-base (LB) instrument in which fluid level is measured in fluid
reservoirs separated by about 500 m and connected by pipes, which was
constructed by Roger Bilham of the University of Colorado, and 2) borehole
tiltmeters that measure the position of a bubble trapped under a concave
lens.(All Others). For
tiltmeter locations, see Figure D-1. Real time plots of the data from these
instruments can be viewed at http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/QUAKE/longv.html.
All
data are transmitted by satellite to the USGS headquarters in
All instruments are scaled using tidally generated scale factors.
Very little of geophysical interest occurred this period and the data are generally uneventful. Data plots for this period will be included in the 4th quarter report.
MAGNETIC
MEASUREMENTS
(M.J.S. Johnston)
BACKGROUND
Local magnetic fields at 12 sites in the Long Valley
Caldera are transmitted via satellite telemetry to
monitoring
in this region through the low-frequency data system. The location of these
sites is shown on Figure M1. Temporal changes in local magnetic field are
isolated using
simple differencing techniques.
Not much to report for this quarter. Data plots for this period will be included in the 4th quarter report.
CO2 STUDIES (Ken McGee, Terry Gerlach, and Mike Doukas, Cascades
Volcano Observatory
The GOES-telemetered carbon dioxide monitoring network in
the
Data for July through September
from most of the telemetered monitoring stations are shown in the attached
figure along with precipitation events as recorded at the USFS Ranger Station
in
Figure
C-1 Map
showing locations of the continuous CO2 -monitoring stations.
Figure
C-2. Carbon
dioxide (CO2) concentrations for the monitoring stations in Figure
C1 for April-June 2004.
Hydrologic data collected for the USGS Volcanic Hazards Program in this report include ground-water level data from five wells; stream flow, water temperature, and specific conductance from one site on Hot Creek; and estimated thermal water discharge in Hot Creek Gorge (figure H1). Additional data are available on the web at -- http://lvo.wr.usgs.gov/HydroStudies.html
or upon request – contact:
Chris Farrar or Jim Howle at Carnelian Bay 530.546.0187.
Ground-water levels in wells and the discharge of springs can change in response to strain in the Earth’s crust. The network of five wells and one surface water station provides hydrologic data that contributes to monitoring deformation and other changes caused from magmatic intrusions and earthquakes in Long Valley Caldera.
Ground-water levels are measured continuously in five wells,
LKT, LVEW, SF, CW-3, and CH-10B (figure H1), using pressure transducers that
are either submerged below the water surface or placed above ground and sense
back-pressure in a nitrogen-filled tube extending below the water surface. Barometric pressure is also measured at each
site using pressure transducers. The
data are recorded by on-site data loggers and telemetered on a three-hour
transmit cycle using the GOES satellite and receivers at
Data processing is done in the Sacramento Office. Records of barometric pressure are used in combination with the water-level records to determine aquifer properties from the observed water-level response to atmospheric loading and earth tides. The influences of barometric pressure changes and earth tides are removed from the water-level records. The result yields the filtered water-level record that may contain other hydraulic and crustal deformation signals. Filtered data for wells LKT, CW-3, and CH-10B are given in figures H2, H5, and H6. The steep pressure drops recorded during late 1997 in all three wells probably are mostly caused by the high rate of crustal extension in the central part of Long Valley Caldera during that same period. Analysis of the records from LVEW and SF to provide filtered data is not yet complete; therefore raw data are presented for these two sites (figures H3 and H4).
Figure H2. Hydrographs for well LKT, based on filtered daily mean values.
Data from wells LVEW and SF were not recorded between October 2003 and June 2004 due to construction of new equipment shelters and changes in the type of equipment used for measurements. A pressure transducer was installed in LVEW and fluid-level recording was begun in June 2004. Fluid-level recording is expected to begin in SF beginning September 2004.
Figure H5. Hydrographs for well CW3, based on unfiltered values from January 1988
through August 1993 and filtered daily mean values from September 1993 through September 2004. Periods of missing data are due to use of the well for testing or because of instrumentation problems. Water levels in CW3 are affected by pumping at the Casa Diablo geothermal field. Examples of these effects include the large pressure drop in 1991 and the distinct peak in 2000.
Figure H6. Hydrographs for well CH10B, based on filtered mean daily fluid levels.
Fluid pressures in well CW3 during January 2004 reached the lowest level measured since 1995. Fluid pressures in well CH10B during April 2003 reached the lowest level measured since 1987. Fluid pressures in CW3 began rising in early 2004 and in CH10B began rising in mid-2003, however pressures in both wells are still low relative to long-term means. These two wells tap the south moat hydrothermal system.
Site HCF is located downstream from the thermal springs in Hot Creek Gorge (figure H1). Stage, water temperature, and specific conductance (figure H7) are recorded every 15-minutes. The data are recorded by an on-site data logger and telemetered every three hours. Specific conductance is a measure of total dissolved ionized constituents. Water at HCF is a mixture of thermal water from springs along Hot Creek and non-thermal water from the Mammoth Creek basin. Changes in specific conductance are related to changes in the mixing ratio of thermal and non-thermal components of stream flow. Water temperatures change in response to ambient temperatures and the mixing ratio.
Figure H7. Discharge,
water temperature, and specific conductance at Hot Creek Flume (HCF), based on
unfiltered daily mean data.
Estimates of total thermal water discharge (figure H8) are computed from monthly measurements of discharge, and boron and chloride concentrations collected at a non-recording site (HCA) located upstream of the Hot Creek gorge thermal area and at site HCF downstream. The quantity of thermal water discharged to Hot Creek is known to vary in response to seasonal variations in precipitation, snow-melt, earthquakes, and other processes. It is believed that spring discharge may change in response to crustal strain.
The calculated discharge of thermal water from springs in Hot Creek
Gorge shows a steep decline beginning with the measurement made on
Figure H8. Estimated thermal water discharge for springs in Hot Creek Gorge.