Bulgaria

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Republic of Bulgaria Република България
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: Съединението прави силата  (Bulgarian) "Saedinenieto pravi silata"  (transliteration) "Unity makes strength"1
Anthem: Мила Родино  (Bulgarian) Mila Rodino  (transliteration) Dear Homeland
Location of  Bulgaria  (green) – on the European continent  (light green & grey) – in the European Union  (light green)  —  [Legend]
Capital (and largest city)		Sofia 42°41′N 23°19′E / 42.683°N 23.317°E / 42.683; 23.317
Official language(s)		Bulgarian
Ethnic groups		85% Bulgarians, 9.4% Turkish, 4.7% Roma, 0.9% other groups[1]
Demonym		Bulgarian
Government		Parliamentary democracy
-	President	Georgi Parvanov
-	Prime Minister	Boyko Borisov
-	Chairperson of the National Assembly	Tsetska Tsacheva
Formation
-	Medieval Balkan state	681[2]
-	First Bulgarian Empire	681–1018
-	Second Bulgarian Empire	1185–1396 (1422)
-	Independence lost	1396 (1422)
-	Self-government re-established (under nominal Ottoman suzerainty)	3 March 1878
-	Bulgarian unification	6 September 1885
-	Independence	22 September 1908 from Ottoman Empire
-	Recognized	06 April 1909
EU accession		1 January 2007
Area
-	Total	110,993.6 km2 (104th) 42,823 sq mi
-	Water (%)	0.3
Population
-	2009 estimate	7,560,000[3] (95th)
-	2001 census	7,932,984
-	Density	68.5/km2 (124th) 168.2/sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2009 estimate
-	Total	$89.002 billion[4] (63rd)
-	Per capita	$11,760[4] (65th)
GDP (nominal)		2009 estimate
-	Total	$44.777 billion[4] (75th)
-	Per capita	$5,916[4] (69th)
Gini (2003)		29.2 (low)
HDI (2009)		▲ 0.840 (high) (61st)
Currency		Lev3 (BGN)
Time zone		EET (UTC+2)
-	Summer (DST)	EEST (UTC+3)
Drives on the		right
Internet TLD		.bg4
Calling code		359
1	"Bulgaria’s National Flag". Bulgarian Government. 3 October 2005. http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0159&n=000006&g=. Retrieved 2007-01-01.
2	Vidin Tsardom.
3	plural Leva.
4	Bulgarians, in common with citizens of other European Union member-states, also use the .eu domain.
5	Cell phone system GSM and NMT 450i
6	Domestic power supply 220 V/50 Hz, Schuko (CEE 7/4) sockets

Bulgaria (pronounced /bʌlˈɡɛəriə/ ( listen) bul-GAIR-ee-ə; Bulgarian: България, transliterated: Bălgaria, pronounced [bəlˈɡarija]), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (Република България, transliterated: Republika Bălgarija, [rɛˈpublika bəlˈɡarija]), is a country in the Balkans in south-eastern Europe. Bulgaria borders five other countries: Romania to the north (mostly along the River Danube), Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia to the west, and Greece and Turkey to the south. The Black Sea defines the extent of the country to the east.

With a territory of 110,994 square kilometers, Bulgaria ranks as the third-largest country in Southeast Europe (after Romania and Greece). Several mountainous areas define the landscape, most notably the Stara Planina (Balkan) and Rodopi mountain ranges, as well as the Rila range, which includes the highest peak in the Balkan region, Musala. In contrast, the Danubian plain in the north and the Upper Thracian Plain in the south represent Bulgaria's lowest and most fertile regions. The 378-kilometer Black Sea coastline covers the entire eastern bound of the country.

The emergence of a unified Bulgarian national identity and state dates back to the 7th century AD. All Bulgarian political entities that subsequently emerged preserved the traditions (in ethnic name, language and alphabet) of the First Bulgarian Empire (632/681 – 1018), which at times covered most of the Balkans and spread its alphabet, literature and culture among the Slavic and other peoples of Eastern Europe, eventually becoming the cultural center of the medieval Slavs.^[5] Centuries later, with the decline of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185 – 1396/1422), Bulgarian territories came under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries.

The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 led to the re-establishment of a Bulgarian state as a constitutional monarchy in 1878, with the Treaty of San Stefano marking the birth of the Third Bulgarian State. In 1908, with social strife brewing at the core of the Ottoman Empire, the Alexander Malinov government and Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria formally proclaimed the full sovereignty of the Bulgarian state at the ancient capital of Veliko Tarnovo.^[6]

In 1945, after World War II, Bulgaria became a communist state and part of the Eastern Bloc. Todor Zhivkov dominated Bulgaria politically for 35 years, from 1954 to 1989. In 1990, after the Revolutions of 1989, the Communist Party gave up its monopoly on power and Bulgaria undertook a transition to democracy and free-market capitalism.

Bulgaria functions as a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic. A member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations and the World Trade Organization, it has a high Human Development Index of 0.840, ranking 61st in the world in 2009.^[7] Freedom House in 2008 listed Bulgaria as "free", giving it scores of 1 (highest) for political rights and 2 for civil liberties.^[8]

Contents 1 History 1.1 Prehistory and antiquity 1.2 The First Bulgarian Empire 1.3 Byzantine rule and rise of the Second Empire 1.4 Fall of the Second Empire and Ottoman rule 1.5 Liberation and formation of a Third Bulgarian State 1.5.1 Regional and general wars 1.6 The People's Republic of Bulgaria 1.7 The Republic of Bulgaria 2 Geography 3 Politics 4 Military 5 Provinces and municipalities 6 Economy 6.1 Agriculture 6.2 Energy, industry and mining 6.3 Tourism 7 Science and technology 8 Education and healthcare 8.1 Education 8.2 Healthcare 9 Infrastructure 10 Demographics 11 Culture 12 Sports 13 International rankings 14 See also 15 Notes 16 Further reading 16.1 Guide-books 17 External links

[edit] History

[edit] Prehistory and antiquity

Prehistoric cultures in the Bulgarian lands include the Neolithic Hamangia culture and Vinča culture (6th to 3rd millennia BC), the eneolithic Varna culture (5th millennium BC; see also Varna Necropolis), and the Bronze Age Ezero culture. The Karanovo chronology serves as a gauge for the prehistory of the wider Balkans region.

The Thracians, one of the three primary ancestral groups of modern Bulgarians, left lasting traces throughout the Balkan region despite the tumultuous subsequent millennia. The Thracians lived in separate tribes until King Teres united most of them around 500 BC in the Odrysian kingdom, which later peaked under the leadership of King Sitalces (reigned 431–424 BC) and of King Cotys I (383–359 BC). Thereafter the Macedonian Empire incorporated the Odrysian kingdom and Thracians became an inalienable component in the extra-continental expeditions of both Philip II and Alexander III (the Great). In 188 BC the Romans invaded Thrace, and warfare continued until 45 AD when Rome finally conquered the region. Thus by the 4th century the Thracians had a composite indigenous identity, as Christian "Romans" who preserved some of their ancient pagan rituals.

The Slavs emerged from their original homeland in the early 6th century and spread to most of Eastern Central Europe, Eastern Europe and the Balkans, dividing in the process into three main branches: the West Slavs, the East Slavs and the South Slavs. A portion of the eastern South Slavs assimilated the Thracians before the Bulgar élite incorporated them into the First Bulgarian Empire.^[9]

[edit] The First Bulgarian Empire

In 632 the Bulgars, originally from Central Asia,^[10] formed under the leadership of Khan Kubrat an independent state that became known as Great Bulgaria. Its territory extended from the lower course of the Danube to the west, the Black Sea and the Azov Sea to the south, the Kuban River to the east, and the Donets River to the north.^[11] Pressure from the Khazars led to the subjugation of Great Bulgaria in the second half of the 7th century. Kubrat’s successor, Khan Asparukh, migrated with some of the Bulgar tribes to the lower courses of the rivers Danube, Dniester and Dniepr (known as Ongal), and conquered Moesia and Scythia Minor (Dobrudzha) from the Byzantine Empire, expanding his new khanate further into the Balkan Peninsula.^[12] A peace treaty with Byzantium in 681 and the establishment of the Bulgar capital of Pliska south of the Danube mark the beginning of the First Bulgarian Empire. At the same time one of Asparuh's brothers, Kuber, settled with another Bulgar group in present-day Macedonia.^[13]

Khan Tervel (700/701-718/721), son of Asparukh, maintained a friendly policy towards the Byzantine empire. He earned the title caesar, after helping emperor Justinian II to retake the throne, and sent thousands of soldiers to protect Constantinople from the Arab invasions of 717–718. According to the Byzantine chronicler Theophanes, in the decisive battle the Bulgarians killed 22,000 Arabs, thereby eliminating the threat of a full-scale Arab invasion into Eastern and Central Europe.^[14]

The influence and territorial expansion of Bulgaria increased further during the rule of Khan Krum,^[15] who in 811 won a decisive victory against the Byzantine army led by Nicephorus I in the Battle of Pliska.^[16] By introducing the first written code of law, valid for both Slavs and Bulgars, Krum managed to further centralize and stabilize the country. The 8th and 9th centuries saw the gradual assimilation of the Turkic-speaking Bulgars (or Proto-Bulgarians) by the Slavic majority.^[17]

In 864, under Boris I The Baptist (852–889), Bulgaria accepted Eastern Orthodox Christianity.^[18] During his reign, the Cyrillic alphabet developed in Preslav and Ohrid,^[19] adapted from the Glagolitic alphabet invented by the monks Saints Cyril and Methodius.^[20]

The Cyrillic alphabet became the basis for further cultural development. Centuries later, this alphabet, along with the Old Bulgarian language, fostered the intellectual written language (lingua franca) for Eastern Europe, known as Church Slavonic. The greatest territorial extension of the Bulgarian Empire—covering most of the Balkans—occurred under Emperor Simeon I the Great, the first Bulgarian Tsar (Emperor), who ruled from 893 to 927.^[21] The Battle of Anchialos (917), one of the bloodiest battles in the Middle ages.^[22] marked one of Bulgaria's most decisive victories against the Byzantines.

However, Simeon's greatest achievement consisted of Bulgaria developing a rich, unique Christian Slavonic culture, which became an example for the other Slavonic peoples in Eastern Europe and also ensured the continued existence of the Bulgarian nation despite forces that threatened to tear it into pieces throughout its long and war-ridden history.

Bulgaria declined in the mid-tenth century, worn out by wars with Croatia, by frequent Serbian rebellions sponsored by Byzantine gold, and by disastrous Magyar and Pecheneg invasions.^[23] Because of this, Bulgaria collapsed in the face of an assault of the Rus' in 969–971.^[24]

The Byzantines then began campaigns to conquer Bulgaria. In 971, they seized the capital Preslav and captured Emperor Boris II.^[25] Resistance continued under Tsar Samuil in the western Bulgarian lands for nearly half a century. The country managed to recover and defeated the its enemies in several major battles, taking the control of most of the Balkan peninsula and in 991 invaded the Serbian state.^[26] Bulgaria's rise ended in 1014, when Byzantine Emperor Basil II ("the Bulgar-Slayer") defeated its armies at the Kleidion.^[27] The Byzantines took as many as 15,000 Bulgarian prisoners: Basil had them blinded before releasing them.^[17] Samuil reportedly had a heart attack on seeing the returned blinded soldiers, and died two days later, on 15 October 1014.^[27] Four years later, in 1018, the Byzantine Empire conquered the First Bulgarian Empire, which then came to an end.

[edit] Byzantine rule and rise of the Second Empire

No evidence remains of major resistance or any uprising of the Bulgarian population or nobility in the first decade after the establishment of Byzantine rule. Given the existence of such irreconcilable opponents to Byzantium as Krakra, Nikulitsa, Dragash and others, such apparent passivity seems difficult to explain. Some historians^[28] explain this as a consequence of the concessions that Basil II granted the Bulgarian nobility to gain their allegiance. In the first place, Basil II guaranteed the indivisibility of Bulgaria in its former geographic borders and did not officially abolish the local rule of the Bulgarian nobility, who became part of Byzantine aristocracy as archons or strategoi. Secondly, special charters (royal decrees) of Basil II recognised the autocephaly of the Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid and set up its boundaries, securing the continuation of the dioceses already existing under Samuil, their property and other privileges.^[29]

The people of Bulgaria challenged Byzantine rule several times in the 11th century and again in the early 12th century. The largest uprising occurred under the leadership of Peter II Delyan (proclaimed Emperor of Bulgaria in Belgrade in 1040). The uprising failed, but marked an important step towards the re-establishment of the Bulgarian state. Bulgarian nobles ruled the province in the name of the Byzantine Empire until Ivan Asen I and Peter IV started a rebellion in 1185 that led to the founding of a second empire, which re-established Bulgaria as an important power in the Balkans for two more centuries.

The Asen dynasty set up its capital in Veliko Tarnovo. Kaloyan, the third of the Asen monarchs, extended his dominions to Belgrade, Nish and Skopie; he acknowledged the spiritual supremacy of the Pope, and received a royal crown from a papal legate.^[9] In the Battle of Adrianople in 1205, Kaloyan defeated the forces of the Latin Empire and thus limited its power from the very first year of its establishment.

Ivan Asen II (1218–1241) extended Bulgaria's control over Albania, Epirus, Macedonia and Thrace.^[30] During his reign, the state saw a period of cultural and economic growth, with important artistic achievements of the Tarnovo artistic school as well as the first coins to be minted by a Bulgarian ruler.^[9] The Asen dynasty ended in 1257, and due to Tatar invasions (beginning in the later 13th century), internal conflicts, and constant attacks from the Byzantines and the Hungarians, the country's military and economic might declined. Emperor Theodore Svetoslav (reigned 1300–1322) restored Bulgarian prestige from 1300 onwards, but only temporarily. Political instability continued to grow, and Bulgaria gradually began to lose territory. This led to a peasant rebellion led by the swineherd Ivaylo, who eventually managed to defeat the Emperor's forces and ascend the throne.

By the end of the 14th century, factional divisions between Bulgarian feudal landlords (boyars) and the spread of Bogomilism had gravely weakened the cohesion of the Second Bulgarian Empire. It split into three small Tsardoms and several semi-independent principalities that fought among themselves, and also with Byzantines, Hungarians, Serbs, Venetians, and Genoese. In these battles, Bulgarians often allied themselves with Ottoman Turks. Similar situations of internecine quarrel and infighting existed also in Byzantium and Serbia. In the period 1365–1370, the Ottomans conquered most Bulgarian towns and fortresses south of the Balkan Mountains and began their northwards conquest.^[31]

[edit] Fall of the Second Empire and Ottoman rule

In 1393, the Ottomans captured Tarnovo, the capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire, after a three-month siege. In 1396, the Vidin Tsardom fell after the defeat of a Christian crusade at the Battle of Nicopolis. With this, the Ottomans finally subjugated and occupied Bulgaria.^[32][33][34] A Polish–Hungarian crusade commanded by Władysław III of Poland set out to free the Balkans in 1444, but the Turks defeated it in the battle of Varna.

The invading forces decimated the Bulgarian population^{[citation needed]}, which suffered greatly from Ottoman oppression, intolerance and misgovernment,^[35] and lost most of its cultural relics. Turkish authorities destroyed most of the medieval Bulgarian fortresses to prevent rebellions. Large towns and the areas where Ottoman power predominated remained severely depopulated until the 19th century.^{[22][page needed]} The invaders destroyed the Bulgarian nobility and enserfed the peasantry to Ottoman masters.^[36] Bulgarians had to pay much higher taxes than the Muslim population, and lacked judicial equality with them.^[37]

One response among the Bulgarians to oppression was a strengthening of the haydut ("outlaw") tradition.^[17] Bulgarians who converted to Islam, the Pomaks, retained Bulgarian language, dress and some customs compatible with Islam.^{[33][34][page needed]}. (The origin of the Pomaks remains a subject of debate.^[38][39])

During the last two decades of the 18th and first decades of the 19th centuries the Balkan Peninsula dissolved into virtual anarchy. Bulgarian tradition calls this period the kurdjaliistvo: armed bands of Turks called kurdjalii plagued the area. In many regions, thousands of peasants fled from the countryside either to local towns or (more commonly) to the hills or forests; some even fled beyond the Danube to Moldova, Wallachia or southern Russia.^[33][40]

Throughout the more than four centuries of Ottoman rule, the Bulgarian people organized several attempts to re-establish their own state, most notably the First and Second Tarnovo Uprisings (1598 / 1686) and Karposh's Rebellion (1689). The National awakening of Bulgaria became one of the key factors in the struggle for liberation. The 19th century saw the formation of the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee and the Internal Revolutionary Organisation led by liberal revolutionaries such as Vasil Levski, Hristo Botev, Lyuben Karavelov, among others.

In 1876 the April uprising, the largest and best-organized Bulgarian rebellion against the Ottoman Empire, broke out. Though crushed by the Ottoman authorities — in reprisal, the Turks massacred some 15,000 Bulgarians^[17] — the uprising (together with the 1875 rebellion in Bosnia) prompted the Great Powers to convene the 1876 Constantinople Conference, which delimited the ethnic Bulgarian territories as of the late 19th century, and elaborated the legal and political arrangements for establishing two autonomous Bulgarian provinces. The Ottoman Government declined to comply with the Great Powers’ decisions. This allowed Russia to seek a solution by force without risking military confrontation with other Great Powers (as had happened in the Crimean War of 1854 to 1856).

[edit] Liberation and formation of a Third Bulgarian State

In the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-1878, Russian soldiers together with a Romanian expeditionary force and volunteer Bulgarian troops defeated the Ottoman armies. The Treaty of San Stefano (3 March 1878), set up an autonomous Bulgarian principality. But the Western Great Powers immediately rejected the treaty, fearing that a large Slavic country in the Balkans might serve Russian interests. This led to the Treaty of Berlin (1878), which provided for an autonomous Bulgarian principality comprising Moesia and the region of Sofia. Alexander, Prince of Battenberg, became Bulgaria's first Prince. Most of Thrace became part of the autonomous region of Eastern Rumelia, whereas the rest of Thrace and all of Macedonia returned to the sovereignty of the Ottomans. After the Serbo-Bulgarian War and unification with Eastern Rumelia in 1885, the Bulgarian principality proclaimed itself a fully independent kingdom on 5 October (22 September O.S.), 1908, during the reign of Ferdinand I of Bulgaria.

Ferdinand, of the ducal family of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, became the Bulgarian Prince after Alexander von Battenberg abdicated in 1886 following a coup d'état staged by pro-Russian army-officers. (Although the counter-coup coordinated by Stefan Stambolov succeeded, Prince Alexander decided not to remain the Bulgarian ruler without the approval of Alexander III of Russia.) The struggle for liberation of the Bulgarians in the Adrianople Vilayet and in Macedonia continued throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, culminating with the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising organised by the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization in 1903.

[edit] Regional and general wars

In the years following the achievement of complete independence Bulgaria became increasingly militarised, and at least one historian referred to Bulgaria as "the Prussia of the Balkans"^[41] In 1912 and 1913, Bulgaria became involved in the Balkan Wars, first entering into conflict alongside Greece, Serbia and Montenegro against the Ottoman Empire. The First Balkan War (1912–1913) proved a success for the Bulgarian army, but a conflict over the division of Macedonia arose between the victorious allies. The Second Balkan War (1913) pitted Bulgaria against Greece and Serbia, joined by Romania and Turkey. After its defeat in the Second Balkan War, Bulgaria lost considerable territory conquered in the first war, as well as Southern Dobrudzha and parts of the region of Macedonia.

During World War I, Bulgaria found itself fighting again on the losing side as a result of its alliance with the Central Powers. The Bulgarian army suffered 300,000 casualties, including 100,000 killed.^[17] Defeat in 1918 led to new territorial losses (the Western Outlands to Serbia, Western Thrace to Greece and the re-conquered Southern Dobrudzha to Romania). The Balkan Wars and World War I led to the influx of over 250,000 Bulgarian refugees from Macedonia, Eastern and Western Thrace and Southern Dobrudzha.

Following the loss in World War I, in the 1920s and 1930s the country suffered political unrest, which led to the establishment of military rule, eventually transforming into a royal authoritarian rule by King Boris III (reigned 1918–1943). After regaining control of Southern Dobrudzha in 1940, Bulgaria became allied with the Axis Powers, although it declined to participate in Operation Barbarossa (1941) and never declared war on the USSR. During World War II, Nazi Germany allowed Bulgaria to occupy parts of Greece and of Yugoslavia, although control over their population and territories remained in German hands. Bulgaria became one of only three countries (along with Finland and Denmark) that saved its entire Jewish population (around 50,000 people) from the Nazi camps through different rationales and the continued postponement of compliance with German demands.^[42] However, the Nazis deported almost the entire Jewish population of the Bulgarian-occupied Yugoslav and Greek territories to the Treblinka death camp in occupied Poland.

In the summer of 1943, Boris III died suddenly, and the country fell into political turmoil as the war turned against Nazi Germany and the communist movement gained more power.^[43] In early September 1944, the Soviet Union declared war on Bulgaria and invaded it, meeting no resistance. This enabled the Workers' Party to seize power and establish a communist state, which ended the alliance with Germany and joined the Allied side in the war's final stages.

[edit] The People's Republic of Bulgaria

The Fatherland Front, a Communist-dominated political coalition, took over the government in 1944 and the Communist party increased its membership from 15,000 to 250,000 during the following six months. It established its rule with the coup d'état of September 9 that year. However, Bulgaria did not become a people's republic until 1946. It fell under the Soviet sphere of influence, with Georgi Dimitrov (Prime Minister 1946 to 1949) as the foremost Bulgarian political leader. The country installed a Soviet-type planned economy, although some market-oriented policies emerged on an experimental level^[44] under Todor Zhivkov (First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party, 1954 to 1989). By the mid 1950s standards of living rose significantly, and in 1957 collective farm workers benefited from the first agricultural pension and welfare system in Eastern Europe.^[45] Todor Zhivkov dominated the country from 1956 to 1989, thus becoming one of the most established Eastern Bloc leaders. Zhivkov asserted Bulgaria's position as the most reliable Soviet ally, and increased its overall importance in the Comecon. His daughter Lyudmila Zhivkova became very popular in the country by promoting national heritage, culture and arts on a global scale.^[46] On the other hand, a forced assimilation campaign of the late 1980s directed against ethnic Turks resulted in the emigration of some 300,000 Bulgarian Turks to Turkey.^[47][48]

The People's Republic ended in 1989 as many Communist regimes in Eastern Europe, as well as the Soviet Union itself, began to collapse. Opposition forced Zhivkov and his right-hand man Milko Balev to give up their power on 10 November 1989.

[edit] The Republic of Bulgaria

In February 1990 the Communist Party voluntarily gave up its monopoly on power, and in June 1990 free elections took place, won by the moderate wing of the Communist Party (renamed the Bulgarian Socialist Party — BSP). In July 1991, the country adopted a new constitution that provided for a relatively weak elected President and for a Prime Minister accountable to the legislature. The 1990s featured high unemployment, unstable (and often high) inflation rates and discontent^{[citation needed]} with the market system.

Since 1989, Bulgaria has held multi-party elections and privatized its economy, but economic difficulties and a tide of corruption have led over 800,000 Bulgarians, most of them qualified professionals, to emigrate in a "brain drain". Furthermore, the average quality of life and economic performance actually remained lower than the times of socialism well into the early 2000s.^[49] The reform package introduced in 1997 restored positive economic growth, but led to rising social inequality. Bulgaria became a member of NATO in 2004 and of the European Union in 2007, and the US Library of Congress Federal Research Division reported it in 2006 as having generally good freedom of speech and human rights records.^[50] In 2007 the A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine globalization index ranked Bulgaria 36th (between the PRC and Iceland) out of 122 countries.^[51]

[edit] Geography

Geographically and in terms of climate, Bulgaria features notable diversity, with the landscape ranging from the Alpine snow-capped peaks in Rila, Pirin and the Balkan Mountains to the mild and sunny Black Sea coast; from the typically continental Danubian Plain (ancient Moesia) in the north to the strong Mediterranean climatic influence in the valleys of Macedonia and in the lowlands in the southernmost parts of Thrace.

Bulgaria overall has a temperate climate, with cold winters and hot summers. The barrier effect of the Balkan Mountains has some influence on climate throughout the country: northern Bulgaria experiences lower temperatures and receives more rain than the southern lowlands.

Bulgaria comprises portions of the separate regions known in classical times as Moesia, Thrace, and Macedonia. The mountainous southwest of the country has two alpine ranges — Rila and Pirin — and further east stand the lower but more extensive Rhodope Mountains. The Rila range includes the highest peak of the Balkan Peninsula, Musala, at 2,925 metres (9,596 ft); the long range of the Balkan mountains runs west-east through the middle of the country, north of the famous Rose Valley. Hilly country and plains lie to the southeast, along the Black Sea coast, and along Bulgaria's main river, the Danube, to the north. Strandzha forms the tallest mountain in the southeast. Few mountains and hills exist in the northeast region of Dobrudzha. The Balkan Peninsula derives its name from the Balkan or Stara planina mountain range running through the centre of Bulgaria and extends into eastern Serbia.

Bulgaria has large deposits of manganese ore in the north-east and of uranium in the south-west, as well as vast coal reserves and copper, lead, zinc and gold ore. Smaller deposits exist of iron, silver, chromite, nickel, bismuth and others. Bulgaria has abundant non-metalliferous minerals such as rock-salt, gypsum, kaolin and marble.

The country has a dense network of about 540 rivers, most of them — with the notable exception of the Danube — short and with low water-levels.^[52] Most rivers flow through mountainous areas. The longest river located solely in Bulgarian territory, the Iskar, has a length of 368 km (229 mi). Other major rivers include the Struma and the Maritsa River in the south.

The Rila and Pirin mountain ranges feature around 260 glacial lakes; the country also has several large lakes on the Black Sea coast and more than 2,200 dam lakes. Of the many mineral springs, most rise in the south-western and central parts of the country along the faults between the mountains.

Precipitation in Bulgaria averages about 630 millimetres (24.8 in) per year. In the lowlands rainfall varies between 500 and 800 mm (19.7 and 31.5 in), and in the mountain areas between 1,000 and 1,400 mm (39.4 and 55.1 in) of rain falls per year. Drier areas include Dobrudja and the northern coastal strip, while the higher parts of the Rila, Pirin, Rhodope Mountains, Stara Planina, Osogovska Mountain and Vitosha receive the highest levels of precipitation.

[edit] Politics

Since 1991 Bulgaria has a democratic, unitary parliamentary republican constitution.

The National Assembly or Narodno Sabranie (Народно събрание) consists of 240 deputies, each elected for four-year terms by popular vote. A party or coalition must win a minimum of 4% of the vote to enter parliament. The National Assembly has the power to enact laws, approve the budget, schedule presidential elections, select and dismiss the Prime Minister and other ministers, declare war, deploy troops abroad, and ratify international treaties and agreements. Boyko Borisov, de facto leader of the centre-right party Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria, became prime minister on 27 July 2009.

The president serves as the head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. He also chairs the Consultative Council for National Security. While unable to initiate legislation other than Constitutional amendments, the President can return a bill for further debate, although the parliament can override the President's veto by vote of a majority of all MPs.

Bulgaria became a member of the United Nations in 1955, and a founding member of OSCE in 1995. As a Consultative Party to the Antarctic Treaty, the country takes part in the administration of the territories situated south of 60° south latitude.^[53][54] The country joined NATO on 29 March 2004 and signed the European Union Treaty of Accession on 25 April 2005.^[55][56] It became a full member of the European Union on 1 January 2007,^[57] and elects 17 members to the European Parliament.^[58]

Bulgaria has embassies in all European countries except Latvia and Iceland, as well as in 40 other countries, and hosts the embassies of 68 nations in its capital (see List of diplomatic missions of Bulgaria and List of diplomatic missions in Bulgaria).

[edit] Military

The military of Bulgaria, an all-volunteer body, consists of three services – land forces, navy and air force.

Following a series of reductions beginning in 1989, the active troops as of 2009^[update] number fewer than 45,000, down from 152,000 in 1988. Reserve forces include 303,000 soldiers and officers. A number of paramilitary branches, such as border-guard and railroad-construction troops exist and number about 34,000 men. The armed forces have an inventory including highly capable Soviet equipment, such as MiG-29 fighters, SA-6 Gainful and SA-10 Grumble SAMs and SS-21 Scarab short-range ballistic missiles. Military spending in 2009 cost $1.19 billion.^[59]

Bulgarian military personnel have participated in international missions in Cambodia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq. As of 2009^[update] Bulgaria has more than 700 military personnel deployed abroad, mostly in Afghanistan (about 500 men), in Bosnia and Herzegovina (about 100 men) and in Kosovo (47 men).

In April 2006 Bulgaria and the United States of America signed a defence cooperation agreement providing for the usage of the air bases at Bezmer (near Yambol) and Graf Ignatievo (near Plovdiv), the Novo Selo training range (near Sliven), and a logistics centre in Aytos as joint military facilities. Foreign Policy magazine lists Bezmer Air Base as one of the six most important overseas facilities used by the USAF.^[60]

[edit] Provinces and municipalities

Between 1987 and 1999 Bulgaria consisted of nine provinces (oblasti, singular oblast); since 1999, it has consisted of twenty-eight. All take their names from their respective capital cities:

Blagoevgrad Burgas Dobrich Gabrovo Haskovo Kardzhali Kyustendil Lovech Montana Pazardzhik Pernik Pleven Plovdiv Razgrad

Rousse Shumen Silistra Sliven Smolyan Sofia City Sofia Province Stara Zagora Targovishte Varna Veliko Tarnovo Vidin Vratsa Yambol

The provinces subdivide into 264 municipalities.

[edit] Economy

Bulgaria has an industrialised, open free-market economy, with a large, moderately advanced private sector and a number of strategic state-owned enterprises. The World Bank classifies it as an "upper-middle-income economy".^[61] Bulgaria has experienced rapid economic growth in recent years^[update], even though it continues to rank as the lowest-income member state of the EU. According to Eurostat data, Bulgarian PPS GDP per capita stood at 40 per cent of the EU average in 2008.^[62] The United States Central Intelligence Agency estimated Bulgarians' GDP per capita at $12,900 in 2008,^[63] or about a third that of Belgium.^[64] The economy relies primarily on industry and agriculture, although the services sector increasingly contributes to GDP growth. Bulgaria produces a significant amount of manufactures and raw materials such as iron, copper, gold, bismuth, coal, electronics, refined petroleum fuels, vehicle components, weapons and construction materials.

Bulgaria tamed its inflation after a deep economic crisis in 1996–1997, but figures showed an increase in the inflation rate to 12.3% for 2008. The unemployment rate declined from more than 17% in the mid 1990s to nearly 7% in 2007, but in some rural areas it still continues in high double digits. Bulgaria's inflation means that the country's adoption of the euro might not take place until the year 2013–2014.^[65] Corruption in the public administration and a weak judiciary have also hampered Bulgaria's economic development.^[66]

Amidst the Financial crisis of 2007–2010, unemployment rates remained relatively low at 6.3% for 2008, but increased to almost 8% in 2009. GDP growth in 2008 remained high (6%), but turned largely negative in 2009. The crisis had a negative impact mostly on industry, with a 10% decline in the national industrial production index, a 31% drop in mining, and a 60% drop in "ferrous and metal production".^[67] The government predicts a decline of 2.2% of GDP in 2010, with a budget deficit of 0.7%.^[68]

[edit] Agriculture

Agricultural output has decreased overall since 1989, but production has grown in recent years^[update], and together with related industries like food processing it still plays a key role in the economy. Arable farming predominates over stock breeding. Agricultural equipment amounts to over 150,000 tractors and 10,000 combine harvesters, as well as a large fleet of light aircraft.

Bulgaria ranks as one of the top world producers of agricultural commodities such as anise (6th in the world), sunflower seed (11th), raspberries (13th), tobacco (15th), chili peppers (18th) and flax fibre (19th).^[69]

[edit] Energy, industry and mining

Although Bulgaria has relatively few reserves of natural fuels such as oil and gas, it produces significant amounts of metals and minerals, and its well-developed energy sector plays a crucial role throughout the Balkans. The country's strategic geographical location makes it a major hub for transit and distribution of oil and natural gas from Russia to Western Europe and to other Balkan states. In terms of electricity production per capita, it ranks fourth in Eastern Europe. In addition, Bulgaria has an active nuclear industry for peaceful purposes. The only Bulgarian nuclear power plant operates in the vicinity of Kozloduy, and has a total capacity of 3,760 MW. Construction of a second nuclear power plant has started^[update] near Belene with a projected capacity of 2,000 MW. Thermal power plants (TPPs) provide a significant amount of energy, with most of the capacity concentrated in the Maritsa Iztok Complex. Bulgaria ranks as a minor oil producer (97th in the world) with a total production of 3,520 bbl/day.^[70] Prospectors discovered Bulgaria's first oil field near Tyulenovo in 1951. Proved reserves amount to 15,000,000 bbl. Natural gas production halted in the late 1990s. Proved reserves of natural gas amount to 5.663 bln. cu m.^[71]

Recent years^[update] have seen a steady increase in electricity production from renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power, although it still relies mostly on coal and nuclear powerplants.^[73] Due to the abundance of forests and agricultural land, biomass can provide a viable source of electricity. Wind energy has large-scale prospects, with up to 3,400 MW of installed capacity potential.^[74] As of 2009^[update] Bulgaria operates more than 70 wind turbines with a total capacity of 112.6 MW, and plans to increase their number nearly threefold to reach a total capacity of 300 MW in 2010.^[75]

Mining produces important exports and has become pivotal to the economy. The country ranks as the 19th-largest coal producer in the world,^[76] 9th-largest bismuth producer,^[77] 19th-largest copper producer,^[78] and the 26th-largest zinc producer.^[79] Ferrous metallurgy also has major importance. Much of the production of steel and pig iron takes place in Kremikovtsi and Pernik, with a third metallurgical base in Debelt. The largest refineries for lead and zinc operate in Plovdiv, Kardzhali and Novi Iskar; for copper in Pirdop and for aluminium in Shumen. In production of many metals per capita, such as zinc and iron, Bulgaria ranks first in Eastern Europe; it also produces the largest quantity of steel in the region.

About 14% of the total industrial production relates to machine building, and 20% of the people work in this field.^[80]

[edit] Tourism

In 2007 a total of 5,200,000 tourists visited Bulgaria, making it the 39th most popular destination in the world.^[81] Tourists from Greece, Romania and Germany account for 40% of visitors.^[82] Significant numbers of British (+300,000), Russian (+200,000), Serbian (+150,000), Polish (+130,000) and Danish (+100,000) tourists also visit Bulgaria.

Main destinations include the capital Sofia, coastal resorts like Albena, Sozopol, Golden Sands and Sunny Beach; and winter resorts such as Pamporovo, Chepelare, Borovetz and Bansko. The rural tourist destinations of Arbanasi and Bozhentsi offer well-preserved ethnographic traditions. Other popular attractions include the 10th century Rila Monastery and the 19th century Euxinograd château.

[edit] Science and technology

Bulgaria spends 0.4% of its GDP on scientific research,^[83] or roughly $376 million on a 2008 basis. Since 1989 chronic under-investment^{[citation needed]} and lack of government interest^{[citation needed]} have hampered scientific activities in the country, and as of 2006^[update] Bulgaria had one of the lowest scientific budgets in Europe.^[84] This has led to a significant brain drain: many scientific professionals have left the country.^[85] But Bulgaria has strong traditions in mathematics, astronomy, physics, nuclear technology and sciences-oriented education, and has significant experience in medical and pharmaceutical research. The Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), the leading scientific institution in the country, employs most of Bulgaria's researchers in its numerous branches.

Bulgarian scientists have made several important discoveries and inventions that have revolutionized global society: the world's first electronic digital computer, designed by Bulgarian-American scientist John Vincent Atanasoff; the first electronic digital watch (Peter Petroff), the first purpose-built aircraft bombs (capt. Simeon Petrov); nivalin (prof. Dimitar Paskov)^[86][87]; the molecular-kinetic theory of crystal formation and crystal growth (formulated by Ivan Stranski) and photoelectrets (Georgi Nadjakov), the last forming an important step in the development of the first photocopier machine. Bulgaria became the 6th country in the world to have an astronaut in space: major-general Georgi Ivanov on Soyuz 33 (1979), followed by lieutenant-colonel Alexander Alexandrov on Soyuz TM-5 (1988).^[88]

Among Bulgaria's most advanced scientific branches computer technology features highly^{[citation needed]}, and in the 1980s the country became known as the Silicon Valley of the Eastern Bloc.^[89] According to the Brainbench Global IT IQ report, Bulgaria ranks first in Europe in terms of IT-certified specialists per capita^[90] and 8th in the world in total ICT specialists, out-performing countries with far larger populations.^[91] In addition, Bulgaria operates the only supercomputer in the Balkan region,^[92] an IBM Blue Gene/P, which entered service in September 2008.^[93]

[edit] Education and healthcare

[edit] Education

The Ministry of Education, Youth and Science oversees education in Bulgaria. All children aged between 7 and 16 must attend full-time education. Six-year olds can enroll at school at their parents' discretion. The State provides education in its schools free of charge, except for higher education establishments, colleges and universities. The curriculum focuses on eight main subject-areas - Bulgarian language and literature, foreign languages, mathematics, information technologies, social sciences and civics, natural sciences and ecology, music and art, and physical education and sports.

Government estimates from 2003 put the literacy rate at 98.6 percent, approximately the same for both sexes. Traditionally, Bulgaria has had high educational standards.^[94]

[edit] Healthcare

Bulgaria has a universal, mostly state-funded healthcare system. An overall reform in the sector began in 1999: this has introduced mandatory health-insurance for employees through the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF), which since 2000 has paid a gradually increasing portion of the costs of primary health-care. Employees and employers pay an increasing, mandatory percentage of salaries, with the goal of gradually reducing state support of health care. Between 2002 and 2003, the number of hospital beds reduced by 56 percent to 24,300. However, the pace of reduction slowed in the early 2000s; in 2004 some 258 hospitals remained in operation, compared with the government-estimated optimal number of 140. Between 2002 and 2004, health-care expenditures in the national budget increased from 3.8 percent to 4.3 percent, with the NHIF accounting for more than 60 percent of annual expenditures.^[95] Bulgaria has several major hospitals and medical complexes, such as Pirogov Hospital, Saint Marina Hospital and the Military Medical Academy of Sofia.

[edit] Infrastructure

Bulgaria occupies a unique and strategically important geographic location. Since ancient times, the country has served as a major crossroads between Europe, Asia and Africa. Five of the ten Trans-European corridors run through its territory.

The national road network has a total length of 102,016 km (63,390 mi), 93,855 km (58,319 mi) of them paved and 441 km (274 mi) of them motorways. Planning or construction has started for several motorways: Trakiya motorway, Hemus motorway, Cherno More motorway, Struma motorway, Maritza motorway and Lyulin motorway. Bulgaria also has 6,500 km (4,000 mi) of railway track, more than 60% electrified. A €360,000,000 project exists for the modernisation and electrification of the Plovdiv–Kapitan Andreevo railway. The only high-speed railway in the region, between Sofia and Vidin, will operate by 2017, at a cost of €3,000,000,000.^[96]

Air travel has developed relatively comprehensively. Bulgaria has six official international airports  — at Sofia, Burgas, Varna, Plovdiv, Rousse and Gorna Oryahovitsa. After the fall of the communist government in 1989, most of the smaller domestic airports stood unused as the importance of domestic flights declined. The country has many military airports and agricultural airfields, with 128 of the 213 airports in Bulgaria paved.

The most important shipping ports by far, Varna and Burgas, have the largest turnover. Burgas, Sozopol, Nesebar and Pomorie support large fishing fleets. Large ports on the Danube River include Rousse and Lom (which serves the capital).

Bulgaria has a well-developed communications network (despite a somewhat antiquated fixed-line telephone system), with extensive Internet and cellular communications. The years after 2000 saw a rapid increase in the number of Internet users: in 2000, they numbered 430,000, in 2004 – 1,545,100, and in 2006 – 2.2 million.^[97] The population of 7.6 million people uses some 11 million mobile phones.^[98]

[edit] Demographics

The National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria estimates the country's population for 2009 at 7,606,000 people. According to the 2001 census,^[99] it consists mainly of ethnic Bulgarians (83.9%), with two sizable minorities, Turks (9.4%) and Roma (4.7%).^[100] Of the remaining 2.0%, 0.9% comprises some 40 smaller minorities, most prominently (in numbers) the Russians, Armenians, Arabs, Chinese, Vlachs, Jews, Vietnamese, Crimean Tatars and Sarakatsani (historically known also as Karakachans). 1.1% of the population did not declare their ethnicity in the latest census in 2001.

The 2001 census defines an ethnic group as a "community of people, related to each other by origin and language, and close to each other by mode of life and culture"; and one's mother tongue as "the language a person speaks best and usually uses for communication in the family (household)".^[101]

Native Language	By ethnic group	Percentage	By first language	Percentage
Bulgarian	6,655,000	83.93%	6,697,000	84.46%
Turkish	747,000	9.42%	763,000	9.62%
Gypsies (roma)	371,000	4.67%	328,000	4.13%
Others	69,000	0.87%	71,000	0.89%
Total	7,929,000	100%	7,929,000	100% [101]

In recent^[update] years Bulgaria has had one of the lowest population growth rates in the world. Negative population growth has occurred since the early 1990s,^[102] due to economic collapse and high emigration. In 1989 the population comprised 9,009,018 people, gradually falling to 7,950,000 in 2001 and 7,606,000 in 2009.^[3] As of 2009^[update] The population had a fertility-rate of 1.48 children per woman in 2008. The fertility rate will need to reach 2.2 to restore natural growth in population.

Most Bulgarians (82.6%) belong, at least nominally, to the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. Founded in 870 AD under the Patriarchate of Constantinople (from which it obtained its first primate, its clergy and theological texts), the Orthodox Church had autocephalous status from 927 AD. Other religious denominations include Islam (12.2%), various Protestant denominations (0.8%) and Roman Catholicism (0.5%); with other Christian denominations (0.2%), and "other" totalling approximately 4%, according to the 2001 census.^[103] Bulgaria regards itself officially as a secular state. The Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion but appoints Orthodoxy as an official religion.

Islam came to the country at the end of the fourteenth century after the conquest of the country by the Ottomans. In the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries, missionaries from Rome converted Paulicians from the districts of Plovdiv and Svishtov to Roman Catholicism. As of 2009^[update] Bulgaria's Jewish community, once one of the largest in Europe, numbers less than 2,000 people.

Bulgaria's 20 largest cities have populations as follows:^[104]

Rank	Core City	Province	Pop.	view • talk • edit Sofia Plovdiv Varna	Rank	Core City	Province	Pop.
1	Sofia	Sofia City	1,404,929		11	Pernik	Pernik Province	84,479
2	Plovdiv	Plovdiv Province	380,130		12	Yambol	Yambol Province	83,410
3	Varna	Varna Province	363,425		13	Haskovo	Haskovo Province	80,939
4	Burgas	Burgas Province	229,250		14	Pazardzhik	Pazardzhik Province	79,528
5	Rousse	Rousse Province	175,058		15	Vratsa	Vratsa Province	77,318
6	Stara Zagora	Stara Zagora Province	162,416		16	Blagoevgrad	Blagoevgrad Province	77,216
7	Pleven	Pleven Province	137,001		17	Veliko Tarnovo	Veliko Tarnovo Province	72,111
8	Sliven	Sliven Province	115,758		18	Gabrovo	Gabrovo Province	65,947
9	Dobrich	Dobrich Province	114,990		19	Vidin	Vidin Province	57,072
10	Shumen	Shumen Province	103,016		20	Asenovgrad	Plovdiv Province	55,323

[edit] Culture

A number of ancient civilizations, most notably the Thracians, Greeks, Romans, Slavs, and Bulgars, have left their mark on the culture, history and heritage of Bulgaria. Thracian artifacts include numerous tombs and golden treasures. The country's territory includes parts of the Roman provinces of Moesia, Thrace and Macedonia, and many of the archaeological discoveries date back to Roman times, while ancient Bulgars have also left traces of their heritage in music and in early architecture. Both the First and the Second Bulgarian empires functioned as the hub of Slavic Europe during much of the Middle Ages, exerting considerable literary and cultural influence over the Eastern Orthodox Slavic world by means of the Preslav and Ohrid Literary Schools. The Cyrillic alphabet, used in many languages in Eastern Europe and Asia, originated in these two schools in the tenth century AD.

Bulgaria has nine UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the Madara Rider, the Thracian tombs in Sveshtari and Kazanlak, the Boyana Church, the Rila Monastery, the Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo, Pirin National Park, Sreburna Nature Reserve and the ancient city of Nesebar.

Another important historical artifact, the oldest treasure of worked gold in the world, dates back to the 5th millennium BC, coming from the site of the Varna Necropolis.^[105][106]

The country has a long-standing musical tradition, traceable back to the early Middle Ages. Yoan Kukuzel (ca. 1280–1360) became one of the earliest known composers of Medieval Europe. National folk music has a distinctive sound and uses a wide range of traditional instruments, such as gudulka (гъдулка), gaida (гайда) – bagpipe, kaval (кавал) and tupan (тъпан). Bulgaria also has a rich visual arts heritage, especially in frescoes, murals and icons, many of them produced by the medieval Tarnovo Artistic School.^[107]

Exports of Bulgarian wine go worldwide, and until 1990 the country exported the world's second-largest total of bottled wine. As of 2007, the country produced 200,000 tonnes of wine annually,^[108] ranking 20th in the world.^[109] Bulgaria also produces large amounts of beer and rakia (mostly home-brewed). Lukanka, banitsa, shopska salad, lyutenitsa, sirene and kozunak give Bulgaria a distinctive cuisine.

[edit] Sports

Bulgaria performs well in sports such as volleyball, wrestling, weight-lifting, shooting sports, gymnastics, chess, and recently, sumo wrestling and tennis. The country fields one of the leading men's volleyball teams in Europe and in the world, ranked 4th in the world according to the 2009 FIVB rankings.^[110]

Football has become by far the most popular sport in the country. Dimitar Berbatov (Димитър Бербатов) is one of the most famous Bulgarian football players of the 21st century, while as of 2010^[update] Hristo Stoichkov, twice winner of the European Golden Shoe, ranks as the most successful Bulgarian player of all time.^[111][112] Prominent domestic football clubs include PFC CSKA Sofia (ranked as the best-performing football club in the country)^[113][114] and PFC Levski Sofia, which became the first Bulgarian team to participate in the modern UEFA Champions League in 2006/2007. Bulgaria's best performance at World Cup finals came in 1994, with a 4th place.

Bulgaria participates both in the Summer and Winter Olympics, and its first Olympic appearance dates back to the first modern Olympic games in 1896, with Swiss gymnast Charles Champaud representing the country. Since then Bulgaria has appeared in most Summer Olympiads, and by 2008 had won a total of 212 medals: 51 gold, 84 silver, and 77 bronze.

[edit] International rankings

Organization	Survey	Ranking
Institute for Economics and Peace [3]	Global Peace Index[115]	56 out of 144
United Nations Development Programme	Human Development Index	61 out of 182
Transparency International	Corruption Perceptions Index	71 out of 180
World Economic Forum	Global Competitiveness Report	76 out of 133

[edit] See also

• List of twin towns and sister cities in Bulgaria
• List of Bulgarian monarchs
• People's Republic of Bulgaria
• Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II

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[edit] Notes

[edit] Further reading

• Jiriček, Constantin Josef (2008) (in German). History of the Bulgarians (Geschichte der Bulgaren). Frankfurt: Textor Verlag GmbH, digital facsimile of the book published in Prague, 1878. pp. 587 pages. ISBN 3-938402-11-3. http://www.dibido.eu/bookdetails.aspx?bookID=6162dbf4-b275-4287-8c36-f6e29ce2b5cb. 
• Miller-Yianni, M. P. Simple Treasures in Bulgaria (2008) UK; Lulu Inc. ISBN 9780955984907
• Crampton, R. J. A Concise History of Bulgaria (2005) Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521616379
• Detrez, Raymond Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria (2006) Second Edition lxiv + 638 pp. Maps, bibliography, appendix, chronology ISBN 978-0-8108-4901-3
• Lampe, John R., and Marvin R. Jackson Balkan Economic History, 1550–1950: From Imperial Borderlands to Developing Nations (1982)
• Lampe, John R. The Bulgarian Economy in the Twentieth Century (1986) London: Croom Helm ISBN 0709916442
• Monroe, W. S. "Bulgaria and her people, with an account of the Balkan wars, Macedonia, and the Macedonian Bulgars (1914)"
• Fox, Frank, Sir Bulgaria (1915) London: A. and C. Black, Ltd., book scanned by Project Gutenberg
• Hall, Richard C. Bulgaria's Road to the First World War (1996) New York: Columbia University Press ISBN 088033357X
• MacDermott, Mercia (1962). A History of Bulgaria, 1393–1885. London: Allen & Unwin. http://www.questia.com/library/book/a-history-of-bulgaria-1393-1885-by-mercia-macdermott.jsp. 
• Perry, Duncan M. Stefan Stambolov and the Emergence of Modern Bulgaria, 1870–1895 (1993) Durham: Duke University Press ISBN 0822313138
• Runciman, Steven (1930). A History of the First Bulgarian Empire. G. Bell & Sons, London. http://www.questia.com/library/book/a-history-of-the-first-bulgarian-empire-by-steven-runciman.jsp. 
• Zlatarski, Vasil N. (1934). "Prof. Dr." (in Bulgarian). Medieval History of the Bulgarian State. Royal Printing House, Sofia. http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/vz2/index.html. Retrieved 2007-08-05.  (Васил Н. Златарски, История на българската държава през средните векове, Част II, II изд., Наука и изкуство, София 1970)
• Bar-Zohar, Michael Beyond Hitler's Grasp: The Heroic Rescue of Bulgaria's Jews
• Groueff, Stephane Crown of Thorns: The Reign of King Boris III of Bulgaria, 1918–1943
• Todorov, Tzvetan The fragility of goodness: why Bulgaria’s Jews survived the Holocaust: a collection of texts with commentary (2001) Princeton: Princeton University Press ISBN 0691088322
• Todorov, Tzvetan Voices from the Gulag: Life and Death in Communist Bulgaria
• Dimitrova, Alexenia The Iron Fist — Inside the Bulgarian secret archives
• Bell, John D., ed. (1998). Bulgaria in Transition: Politics, Economics, Society, and Culture after Communism. Westview. ISBN 978-0813390109
• Ghodsee, Kristen. The Red Riviera: Gender, Tourism and Postsocialism on the Black Sea. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-3662-4. http://www.dukeupress.edu/cgibin/forwardsql/search.cgi?template0=nomatch.htm&template2=books/book_detail_page.htm&user_id=18255&Bmain.Btitle_option=1&Bmain.Btitle=The+Red+Riviera&Bmain.Subtitle=%3A+Gender,+Tourism,+and+Postsocialism+on+the+Black+Sea. 
• Ghodsee, Kristen. Muslim Lives in Eastern Europe: Gender, Ethnicity and the Transformation of Islam in Postsocialist Bulgaria. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13955-5. http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9068.html. 
• Stepanov, Tsvetelin (2010). The Bulgars and the steppe empire in the early Middle Ages : the problem of the others. East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450-1450. 8. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004180017. 
• Stefan Kisyov The Executioner(2003) [novel]

[edit] Guide-books

• Annie Kay Bradt Guide: Bulgaria
• Paul Greenway Lonely Planet World Guide: Bulgaria
• Pettifer, James Blue Guide: Bulgaria
• Timothy Rice Music of Bulgaria
• Jonathan Bousfield The Rough Guide To Bulgaria

[edit] External links

Government

• Official governmental site
• President of The Republic of Bulgaria
• National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria
• Chief of State and Cabinet Members

General information

• Bulgaria entry at The World Factbook
• Bulgaria information from the United States Department of State
• Portals to the World from the United States Library of Congress
• Bulgaria at UCB Libraries GovPubs
• Bulgaria at the Open Directory Project
• Wikimedia Atlas of Bulgaria

Travel

• Bulgaria travel guide from Wikitravel
• Bulgaria on visiteurope.com – Official homepage of the European Travel Commission
• Bulgaria Guide to cities and villages
• Large Image Gallery of Bulgaria
• Pictures from Bulgaria mountains, rivers and towns
• Pictures from Bulgaria
• Sight-Seeing in Bulgaria - user albums and photo sharing related to Bulgaria

Art

• Catalog of modern Bulgarian artists
• Bulgaria fine arts gallery

		Romania
	Serbia Republic of Macedonia		Black Sea
		Bulgaria
		Greece / Turkey

Geographic locale v • d • e Provinces of Bulgaria Blagoevgrad · Burgas · Dobrich · Gabrovo · Haskovo · Kardzhali · Kyustendil · Lovech · Montana · Pazardzhik · Pernik · Pleven · Plovdiv · Razgrad · Rousse · Shumen · Silistra · Sliven · Smolyan · Sofia City · Sofia Province · Stara Zagora · Targovishte · Varna · Veliko Tarnovo · Vidin · Vratsa · Yambol Etymological list of provinces of Bulgaria v • d • e The Danube Countries Germany · Austria · Slovakia · Hungary · Croatia · Serbia · Romania · Bulgaria · Ukraine · Moldova Cities Donaueschingen · Ulm · Ingolstadt · Regensburg · Passau · Linz · Vienna · Bratislava · Győr · Komárom · Komárno · Esztergom · Budapest · Dunaújváros · Baja · Vukovar · Novi Sad · Belgrade · Smederevo · Drobeta-Turnu Severin · Negotin · Calafat · Vidin · Lom · Svishtov · Giurgiu · Rousse · Silistra · Cernavodă · Brăila · Galaţi · Tulcea · Sulina · Izmail Tributaries Iller · Lech · Regen · Isar · Inn · Morava · Váh  · Hron  · Ipeľ · Drava · Tisza · Sava · Timiş · Velika Morava · Timok · Jiu · Iskar · Olt · Osam · Yantra · Vedea · Argeş · Ialomiţa · Siret · Prut Islands Ada Kaleh · Balta Ialomiţei · Belene Island · Csepel Island · Donauinsel · Great Brăila Island · Great War Island · Island of Vukovar · Island of Šarengrad · Kozloduy Island · Margaret Island · Ostrovul Ciocăneşti · Ostrovul Mare, Islaz · Ostrvo (Kostolac) · Vardim Island · Žitný ostrov List of crossings v • d • e Countries bordering the Black Sea  Bulgaria ·  Georgia ·  Romania ·  Russia ·  Turkey ·  Ukraine v • d • e Balkan countries Geographically fully located Albania · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Greece · Kosovo1 · Macedonia · Montenegro Significantly located Serbia · Croatia Mostly outside of the peninsula Romania · Slovenia · Turkey · Italy See also Balkans · Southeast Europe · History of the Balkans · Balkan languages (Sprachbund) · Balkanization 1 Declared independence from Serbia on February 17, 2008 and is recognised by 65 United Nations member states. v • d • e Countries of Europe Abkhazia1·5 · Albania · Andorra · Armenia2 · Austria · Azerbaijan1 · Belarus · Belgium · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Croatia · Cyprus2 · Czech Republic · Denmark3 · Estonia · Finland · France1 · Georgia1 · Germany · Greece  · Hungary · Iceland · Ireland · Italy1 · Kazakhstan1 · Kosovo5 · Latvia · Liechtenstein · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Macedonia4 · Malta · Moldova · Monaco · Montenegro · Netherlands3 · Nagorno-Karabakh2·5 · Northern Cyprus2·5 · Norway3 · Poland · Portugal3 · Romania · Russia1 · San Marino · Serbia · Slovakia · Slovenia · South Ossetia1·5 · Spain1 · Sweden · Switzerland · Transnistria5 · Turkey1 · Ukraine · United Kingdom3 · Vatican City 1 Has part of its territory outside Europe.  2 Entirely in Western Asia but having socio-political connections with Europe.  3 Has dependencies or similar territories outside Europe. 4 Name disputed by Greece; see Macedonia naming dispute. 5 Is a state with limited international recognition

International membership v • d • e Member states of the European Union Austria · Belgium · Bulgaria · Cyprus · Czech Republic · Denmark · Estonia · Finland · France · Germany · Greece · Hungary · Ireland · Italy · Latvia · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Malta · Netherlands · Poland · Portugal · Romania · Slovakia · Slovenia · Spain · Sweden · United Kingdom Member states by: political system · GDP v • d • e Council of Europe Institutions Secretary General · Committee of Ministers · Parliamentary Assembly · Congress · Court of Human Rights · Commissioner for Human Rights · Commission for the Efficiency of Justice Members Full Albania · Andorra · Armenia · Austria · Azerbaijan · Belgium · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Croatia · Cyprus · Czech Republic · Denmark · Estonia · Finland · France · Georgia · Germany · Greece · Hungary · Iceland · Ireland · Italy · Latvia · Liechtenstein · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Macedonia1 · Malta · Moldova · Monaco · Montenegro · Netherlands · Norway · Poland · Portugal · Romania · Russia · San Marino · Serbia · Slovakia · Slovenia · Spain · Sweden · Switzerland · Turkey · Ukraine · United Kingdom Observer Canada · Israel · Japan · Mexico · United States · Vatican City Former Czechoslovakia (1991–1992) · Saar (assoc. 1950–1956) 1 Provisionally referred to by the Council of Europe as the "former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"; see Macedonia naming dispute. v • d • e Members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Albania · Belgium · Bulgaria · Canada · Croatia · Czech Republic · Denmark · Estonia · France · Germany · Greece · Hungary · Iceland · Italy · Latvia · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Netherlands · Norway · Poland · Portugal · Romania · Slovakia · Slovenia · Spain · Turkey · United Kingdom · United States v • d • e Black Sea Naval Co-operation Task Group (BLACKSEAFOR) Bulgaria · Georgia · Romania · Russia · Turkey · Ukraine v • d • e Consultative Parties to the Antarctic Treaty Argentina · Australia · Belgium · Brazil · Bulgaria · Chile · China (PRC) · Ecuador · Finland · France · Germany · India · Italy · Japan · Netherlands · New Zealand · Norway · Peru · Poland · Russian Federation · South Africa · South Korea · Spain · Sweden · Ukraine · United Kingdom · United States · Uruguay v • d • e Member states and observers of the Francophonie Members Albania · Andorra · Armenia · Belgium (French Community) · Benin · Bulgaria · Burkina Faso · Burundi · Cambodia · Cameroon · Canada (New Brunswick • Quebec) · Cape Verde · Central African Republic · Chad · Comoros · Cyprus1 · Democratic Republic of the Congo · Republic of the Congo · Côte d'Ivoire · Djibouti · Dominica · Egypt · Equatorial Guinea · France (French Guiana • Guadeloupe • Martinique • St. Pierre and Miquelon) · Gabon · Ghana1 · Greece · Guinea · Guinea-Bissau · Haiti · Laos · Luxembourg · Lebanon · Macedonia2 · Madagascar · Mali · Mauritania · Mauritius · Moldova · Monaco · Morocco · Niger · Romania · Rwanda · St. Lucia · São Tomé and Príncipe · Senegal · Seychelles · Switzerland · Togo · Tunisia · Vanuatu · Vietnam Observers Austria · Croatia · Czech Republic · Georgia · Hungary · Latvia · Lithuania · Mozambique · Poland · Serbia · Slovakia · Slovenia · Thailand · Ukraine 1 Associate member. 2 Provisionally referred to by the Francophonie as the "former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"; see Macedonia naming dispute. v • d • e Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC)      Albania  Armenia  Azerbaijan  Bulgaria  Georgia  Greece  Moldova  Romania  Russia  Serbia  Turkey  Ukraine v • d • e Slavic nation-states West Slavic Czech Republic  · Poland · Slovakia South Slavic Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Croatia · Macedonia · Montenegro · Serbia · Slovenia East Slavic Belarus · Russia · Transnistria (unrecognised)  · Ukraine