ISO/IEC 8859-1
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ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998, Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 1: Latin alphabet No. 1, is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings, first edition published in 1987. It is informally referred to as Latin-1. It is generally intended for “Western European” languages (see below for a list).
ISO-8859-1 is the IANA preferred charset name for this standard when supplemented with the control codes from ISO/IEC 6429 for the C0 (0x00-0x1F) and C1 (0x80-0x9F) parts. Escape sequences (from ISO/IEC 6429 or ISO/IEC 2022) are not to be interpreted.
The Windows-1252 codepage coincides with ISO-8859-1 in the code ranges 0x00 to 0x7F and 0xA0 to 0xFF, but not for the range 0x80 to 0x9F.
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[edit] Coverage
ISO 8859-1 encodes what it refers to as "Latin alphabet no. 1," consisting of 191 characters from the Latin script. This character-encoding scheme is used throughout The Americas, Western Europe, Oceania, and much of Africa. It is also commonly used in most standard romanizations of East-Asian languages.
Each character is encoded as a single eight-bit code value. These code values can be used in almost any data interchange system to communicate in the following European languages (with a few exceptions due to missing characters, as noted):
- Modern languages with complete coverage of their alphabet
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- Languages commonly supported with nearly complete coverage of their alphabet
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- Coverage of punctuation signs and apostrophes
For some languages listed above the correct typographical quotation marks are missing, for only « », " ", and ' ' are included.
Also, this encoding scheme does not provide the correct character for the apostrophe and oriented single high quotation marks, although some texts use the spacing grave accent and spacing acute accent that are both part of ISO 8859-1, instead of the 6-shaped/9-shaped quotations marks or apostrophes (and this works reliably with some font styles where all these characters are displayed as slanted wedge glyphs).
See also: Alphabets derived from the Latin
[edit] History
ISO 8859-1 was based on the Multinational Character Set used by Digital Equipment Corporation in the popular VT220 terminal. It was developed within ECMA, the European Computer Manufacturers Association, and published in March 1985 as ECMA-94, by which name it is still sometimes known. The second edition of ECMA-94 (June 1986) also included ISO 8859-2, ISO 8859-3, and ISO 8859-4 as part of the specification.
In 1985 Commodore adopted officially for its new AmigaOS operating system ANSI/ISO8859-1 layout for its codepage and all internal operations in order to refer to international approved standards rather than proprietary standards, as it happened in those times with MS-DOS, and Mac OS and thus this standard was also used for manufacturing the keyboard layout of Amiga 1000 computer that was launched in July 1985. All versions of Amiga OS up to 3.1 used ISO8859-1. Since the demise of Commodore International in 1994 all further versions of AmigaOS (3.5, 3.9) continued to have ISO8859-1 codepage set enhanced with Euro Currency character, but without a leading firm capable to impose official standards both Amiga and its clone variants (MorphOS, AROS) did not update officially to ISO 8859-15 neither follow a common approach in the introduction of Euro character in 2001. MorphOS 2.0 and further versions are UNICODE UTF-8 compliant.
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[edit] Relationship to ISO/IEC 8859-15
Although ISO/IEC 8859-1 has enough characters for most French text, it is missing a few letters that are less common. It is also missing a single-glyph representation for the letter IJ, two Finnish letters used for transcription of some foreign names and in a few loanwords (Š and Ž), typographic quotation marks and dashes, and common symbols such as the euro sign (€) and dagger (†).
In order to provide some of these characters, ISO/IEC 8859-15 was developed as an update of ISO/IEC 8859-1. This required, however, the removal of some infrequently-used characters from ISO/IEC 8859-1, including fraction symbols and letter-free diacritics: ¤, ¦, ¨, ´, ¸, ¼, ½, and ¾.
[edit] Codepage layout
Since all 191 characters encoded by ISO/IEC 8859-1 are 'graphic' (ISO's term for characters that are not control codes) and are compatible with most web browsers, they can be shown as glyphs in the following table. Since the space, no-break space, and soft hyphen characters would not normally be visible, they are represented by abbreviations for their names. All other characters are represented literally. Row and column headings indicate the hexadecimal digit combinations to produce the eight-bit code value; e.g., the letter L is at code value 4C.
Under each glyph, the numeric value of its codepoint is given, first in hexadecimal, then in decimal, and finally in octal.
| ISO/IEC 8859-1 (Latin-1) | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| —0 | —1 | —2 | —3 | —4 | —5 | —6 | —7 | —8 | —9 | —A | —B | —C | —D | —E | —F | |
| 0− |
||||||||||||||||
| 1− |
||||||||||||||||
| 2− |
SP 0020 32 040 |
! 0021 33 041 |
" 0022 34 042 |
# 0023 35 043 |
$ 0024 36 044 |
% 0025 37 045 |
& 0026 38 046 |
' 0027 39 047 |
( 0028 40 050 |
) 0029 41 051 |
* 002A 42 052 |
+ 002B 43 053 |
, 002C 44 054 |
- 002D 45 055 |
. 002E 46 056 |
/ 002F 47 057 |
| 3− |
0 0030 48 060 |
1 0031 49 061 |
2 0032 50 062 |
3 0033 51 063 |
4 0034 52 064 |
5 0035 53 065 |
6 0036 54 066 |
7 0037 55 067 |
8 0038 56 070 |
9 0039 57 071 |
: 003A 58 072 |
; 003B 59 073 |
< 003C 60 074 |
= 003D 61 075 |
> 003E 62 076 |
? 003F 63 077 |
| 4− |
@ 0040 64 100 |
A 0041 65 101 |
B 0042 66 102 |
C 0043 67 103 |
D 0044 68 104 |
E 0045 69 105 |
F 0046 70 106 |
G 0047 71 107 |
H 0048 72 110 |
I 0049 73 111 |
J 004A 74 112 |
K 004B 75 113 |
L 004C 76 114 |
M 004D 77 115 |
N 004E 78 116 |
O 004F 79 117 |
| 5− |
P 0050 80 120 |
Q 0051 81 121 |
R 0052 82 122 |
S 0053 83 123 |
T 0054 84 124 |
U 0055 85 125 |
V 0056 86 126 |
W 0057 87 127 |
X 0058 88 130 |
Y 0059 89 131 |
Z 005A 90 132 |
[ 005B 91 133 |
\ 005C 92 134 |
] 005D 93 135 |
^ 005E 94 136 |
_ 005F 95 137 |
| 6− |
` 0060 96 140 |
a 0061 97 141 |
b 0062 98 142 |
c 0063 99 143 |
d 0064 100 144 |
e 0065 101 145 |
f 0066 102 146 |
g 0067 103 147 |
h 0068 104 150 |
i 0069 105 151 |
j 006A 106 152 |
k 006B 107 153 |
l 006C 108 154 |
m 006D 109 155 |
n 006E 110 156 |
o 006F 111 157 |
| 7− |
p 0070 112 160 |
q 0071 113 161 |
r 0072 114 162 |
s 0073 115 163 |
t 0074 116 164 |
u 0075 117 165 |
v 0076 118 166 |
w 0077 119 167 |
x 0078 120 170 |
y 0079 121 171 |
z 007A 122 172 |
{ 007B 123 173 |
| 007C 124 174 |
} 007D 125 175 |
~ 007E 126 176 |
|
| 8− |
||||||||||||||||
| 9− |
||||||||||||||||
| A− |
NBSP 00A0 160 240 |
¡ 00A1 161 241 |
¢ 00A2 162 242 |
£ 00A3 163 243 |
¤ 00A4 164 244 |
¥ 00A5 165 245 |
¦ 00A6 166 246 |
§ 00A7 167 247 |
¨ 00A8 168 250 |
© 00A9 169 251 |
ª 00AA 170 252 |
« 00AB 171 253 |
¬ 00AC 172 254 |
SHY 00AD 173 255 |
® 00AE 174 256 |
¯ 00AF 175 257 |
| B− |
° 00B0 176 260 |
± 00B1 177 261 |
² 00B2 178 262 |
³ 00B3 179 263 |
´ 00B4 180 264 |
µ 00B5 181 265 |
¶ 00B6 182 266 |
· 00B7 183 267 |
¸ 00B8 184 270 |
¹ 00B9 185 271 |
º 00BA 186 272 |
» 00BB 187 273 |
¼ 00BC 188 274 |
½ 00BD 189 275 |
¾ 00BE 190 276 |
¿ 00BF 191 277 |
| C− |
À 00C0 192 300 |
Á 00C1 193 301 |
 00C2 194 302 |
à 00C3 195 303 |
Ä 00C4 196 304 |
Å 00C5 197 305 |
Æ 00C6 198 306 |
Ç 00C7 199 307 |
È 00C8 200 310 |
É 00C9 201 311 |
Ê 00CA 202 312 |
Ë 00CB 203 313 |
Ì 00CC 204 314 |
Í 00CD 205 315 |
Î 00CE 206 316 |
Ï 00CF 207 317 |
| D− |
Ð 00D0 208 320 |
Ñ 00D1 209 321 |
Ò 00D2 210 322 |
Ó 00D3 211 323 |
Ô 00D4 212 324 |
Õ 00D5 213 325 |
Ö 00D6 214 326 |
× 00D7 215 327 |
Ø 00D8 216 330 |
Ù 00D9 217 331 |
Ú 00DA 218 332 |
Û 00DB 219 333 |
Ü 00DC 220 334 |
Ý 00DD 221 335 |
Þ 00DE 222 336 |
ß 00DF 223 337 |
| E− |
à 00E0 224 340 |
á 00E1 225 341 |
â 00E2 226 342 |
ã 00E3 227 343 |
ä 00E4 228 344 |
å 00E5 229 345 |
æ 00E6 230 346 |
ç 00E7 231 347 |
è 00E8 232 350 |
é 00E9 233 351 |
ê 00EA 234 352 |
ë 00EB 235 353 |
ì 00EC 236 354 |
í 00ED 237 355 |
î 00EE 238 356 |
ï 00EF 239 357 |
| F− |
ð 00F0 240 360 |
ñ 00F1 241 361 |
ò 00F2 242 362 |
ó 00F3 243 363 |
ô 00F4 244 364 |
õ 00F5 245 365 |
ö 00F6 246 366 |
÷ 00F7 247 367 |
ø 00F8 248 370 |
ù 00F9 249 371 |
ú 00FA 250 372 |
û 00FB 251 373 |
ü 00FC 252 374 |
ý 00FD 253 375 |
þ 00FE 254 376 |
ÿ 00FF 255 377 |
| —0 | —1 | —2 | —3 | —4 | —5 | —6 | —7 | —8 | —9 | —A | —B | —C | —D | —E | —F | |
Code values 00–1F, 7F–9F are not assigned to characters by ISO/IEC 8859-1.
The lower range 20 to 7E (the G0 subset) maps exactly to the same coded G0 subset of the ISO 646 US variant (commonly known as ASCII), whose ISO 2022 standard switch sequence is "ESC ( B". The higher range A0 to FF (the G1 subset) maps exactly to the same subset initiated by the ISO 2022 standard switch sequence "ESC . A".
[edit] Related character maps
The ISO/IEC 8859-1 standard has long been the basis of a number of character maps, also known as character sets, charsets, or code pages, the most popular being ISO-8859-1 (note the extra hyphen) and Windows-1252. Both of these maps are a superset of ISO/IEC 8859-1; they supplement the standard's 191 character assignments by mapping additional characters to at least some portion of the code value ranges 00–1F, 7F, and 80–9F.
[edit] ISO-8859-1
In 1992, the IANA registered the character map ISO_8859-1:1987, more commonly known by its preferred MIME name of ISO-8859-1 (note the extra hyphen over ISO 8859-1), a superset of ISO 8859-1, for use on the Internet. This map assigns the C0 and C1 control characters to the code values 00–1F, 7F, and 80–9F. It thus provides for 256 characters via every possible 8-bit value.
ISO-8859-1 is (according to the standards at least) the default encoding of documents delivered via HTTP with a MIME type beginning with "text/". It is the default encoding of the values of certain descriptive HTTP headers, and is the standard encoding used by the X Window System on most Unix machines in locales which use that character set. It was also the basis of the repertoire of characters allowed in HTML 3.2 documents (HTML 4.0, however, is based on Unicode).
Escape sequences (from ISO/IEC 6429 or ISO/IEC 2022) are not to be interpreted in documents labeled as ISO-8859-1 encoded. As well as the canonical name and preferred MIME name mentioned above, the following other aliases are registered for ISO-8859-1: ISO_8859-1, ISO-8859-1, iso-ir-100, csISOLatin1, latin1, l1, IBM819, CP819. ISO-8859-1 was also incorporated as the first 256 code points of ISO/IEC 10646 and Unicode.
| ISO-8859-1 | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| —0 | —1 | —2 | —3 | —4 | —5 | —6 | —7 | —8 | —9 | —A | —B | —C | —D | —E | —F | |
| 0− |
NUL 0000 0 |
SOH 0001 1 |
STX 0002 2 |
ETX 0003 3 |
EOT 0004 4 |
ENQ 0005 5 |
ACK 0006 6 |
BEL 0007 7 |
BS 0008 8 |
HT 0009 9 |
LF 000A 10 |
VT 000B 11 |
FF 000C 12 |
CR 000D 13 |
SO 000E 14 |
SI 000F 15 |
| 1− |
DLE 0010 16 |
DC1 0011 17 |
DC2 0012 18 |
DC3 0013 19 |
DC4 0014 20 |
NAK 0015 21 |
SYN 0016 22 |
ETB 0017 23 |
CAN 0018 24 |
EM 0019 25 |
SUB 001A 26 |
ESC 001B 27 |
FS 001C 28 |
GS 001D 29 |
RS 001E 30 |
US 001F 31 |
| 2− |
SP 0020 32 |
! 0021 33 |
" 0022 34 |
# 0023 35 |
$ 0024 36 |
% 0025 37 |
& 0026 38 |
' 0027 39 |
( 0028 40 |
) 0029 41 |
* 002A 42 |
+ 002B 43 |
, 002C 44 |
- 002D 45 |
. 002E 46 |
/ 002F 47 |
| 3− |
0 0030 48 |
1 0031 49 |
2 0032 50 |
3 0033 51 |
4 0034 52 |
5 0035 53 |
6 0036 54 |
7 0037 55 |
8 0038 56 |
9 0039 57 |
: 003A 58 |
; 003B 59 |
< 003C 60 |
= 003D 61 |
> 003E 62 |
? 003F 63 |
| 4− |
@ 0040 64 |
A 0041 65 |
B 0042 66 |
C 0043 67 |
D 0044 68 |
E 0045 69 |
F 0046 70 |
G 0047 71 |
H 0048 72 |
I 0049 73 |
J 004A 74 |
K 004B 75 |
L 004C 76 |
M 004D 77 |
N 004E 78 |
O 004F 79 |
| 5− |
P 0050 80 |
Q 0051 81 |
R 0052 82 |
S 0053 83 |
T 0054 84 |
U 0055 85 |
V 0056 86 |
W 0057 87 |
X 0058 88 |
Y 0059 89 |
Z 005A 90 |
[ 005B 91 |
\ 005C 92 |
] 005D 93 |
^ 005E 94 |
_ 005F 95 |
| 6− |
` 0060 96 |
a 0061 97 |
b 0062 98 |
c 0063 99 |
d 0064 100 |
e 0065 101 |
f 0066 102 |
g 0067 103 |
h 0068 104 |
i 0069 105 |
j 006A 106 |
k 006B 107 |
l 006C 108 |
m 006D 109 |
n 006E 110 |
o 006F 111 |
| 7− |
p 0070 112 |
q 0071 113 |
r 0072 114 |
s 0073 115 |
t 0074 116 |
u 0075 117 |
v 0076 118 |
w 0077 119 |
x 0078 120 |
y 0079 121 |
z 007A 122 |
{ 007B 123 |
| 007C 124 |
} 007D 125 |
~ 007E 126 |
DEL 007F 127 |
| 8− |
PAD 0080 128 |
HOP 0081 129 |
BPH 0082 130 |
NBH 0083 131 |
IND 0084 132 |
NEL 0085 133 |
SSA 0086 134 |
ESA 0087 135 |
HTS 0088 136 |
HTJ 0089 137 |
VTS 008A 138 |
PLD 008B 139 |
PLU 008C 140 |
RI 008D 141 |
SS2 008E 142 |
SS3 008F 143 |
| 9− |
DCS 0090 144 |
PU1 0091 145 |
PU2 0092 146 |
STS 0093 147 |
CCH 0094 148 |
MW 0095 149 |
SPA 0096 150 |
EPA 0097 151 |
SOS 0098 152 |
SGCI 0099 153 |
SCI 009A 154 |
CSI 009B 155 |
ST 009C 156 |
OSC 009D 157 |
PM 009E 158 |
APC 009F 159 |
| A− |
NBSP 00A0 160 |
¡ 00A1 161 |
¢ 00A2 162 |
£ 00A3 163 |
¤ 00A4 164 |
¥ 00A5 165 |
¦ 00A6 166 |
§ 00A7 167 |
¨ 00A8 168 |
© 00A9 169 |
ª 00AA 170 |
« 00AB 171 |
¬ 00AC 172 |
SHY 00AD 173 |
® 00AE 174 |
¯ 00AF 175 |
| B− |
° 00B0 176 |
± 00B1 177 |
² 00B2 178 |
³ 00B3 179 |
´ 00B4 180 |
µ 00B5 181 |
¶ 00B6 182 |
· 00B7 183 |
¸ 00B8 184 |
¹ 00B9 185 |
º 00BA 186 |
» 00BB 187 |
¼ 00BC 188 |
½ 00BD 189 |
¾ 00BE 190 |
¿ 00BF 191 |
| C− |
À 00C0 192 |
Á 00C1 193 |
 00C2 194 |
à 00C3 195 |
Ä 00C4 196 |
Å 00C5 197 |
Æ 00C6 198 |
Ç 00C7 199 |
È 00C8 200 |
É 00C9 201 |
Ê 00CA 202 |
Ë 00CB 203 |
Ì 00CC 204 |
Í 00CD 205 |
Î 00CE 206 |
Ï 00CF 207 |
| D− |
Ð 00D0 208 |
Ñ 00D1 209 |
Ò 00D2 210 |
Ó 00D3 211 |
Ô 00D4 212 |
Õ 00D5 213 |
Ö 00D6 214 |
× 00D7 215 |
Ø 00D8 216 |
Ù 00D9 217 |
Ú 00DA 218 |
Û 00DB 219 |
Ü 00DC 220 |
Ý 00DD 221 |
Þ 00DE 222 |
ß 00DF 223 |
| E− |
à 00E0 224 |
á 00E1 225 |
â 00E2 226 |
ã 00E3 227 |
ä 00E4 228 |
å 00E5 229 |
æ 00E6 230 |
ç 00E7 231 |
è 00E8 232 |
é 00E9 233 |
ê 00EA 234 |
ë 00EB 235 |
ì 00EC 236 |
í 00ED 237 |
î 00EE 238 |
ï 00EF 239 |
| F− |
ð 00F0 240 |
ñ 00F1 241 |
ò 00F2 242 |
ó 00F3 243 |
ô 00F4 244 |
õ 00F5 245 |
ö 00F6 246 |
÷ 00F7 247 |
ø 00F8 248 |
ù 00F9 249 |
ú 00FA 250 |
û 00FB 251 |
ü 00FC 252 |
ý 00FD 253 |
þ 00FE 254 |
ÿ 00FF 255 |
| —0 | —1 | —2 | —3 | —4 | —5 | —6 | —7 | —8 | —9 | —A | —B | —C | —D | —E | —F | |
Note that most of these control characters are not made for use in portable ISO-8859-1 encoded plain text documents, but only within specific protocols or devices, except a few ones whose behavior are standardized: TAB (09), LF (0A), CR (0D) and NEL (85); all but the first one are used to encode end of lines or to separate paragraphs, and TAB is often considered equivalent to whitespace. However FF (0C) is commonly accepted in some applications interpreting plain-text documents as an additional ignorable whitespace at the beginning of lines, to mark the position of an explicit page break when printing.
However, some encodings allow using BS (08) to create additional characters by emulating the superposition of multiple characters on printing devices.
Some ISO standards assign specific functions to some controls (for example in ISO 2022) where SO (0E), SI (0F), DLE (10), ESC (1B) and SS2 (8E) are used to control the encoding of characters after them or to switch between multiple encodings.
The NUL character (00) is commonly used as a string terminator in some programming languages, or as a filler in database records that must be ignored and is not part of the encoded text. STX (02) and ETX (03) are commonly used for delimiting frames in some transmission protocols. SUB (1A) is also commonly used as a replacement character to mark errors detected in input transmission streams, and it may be rendered graphically. DC1 (11) and DC3 (13) are commonly used in the XON/XOFF protocol for controlling the transmission speed. Finally, EM (19) or EOT (04) may be used as an end-of-file marker in some text file formats.
[edit] ISO-8859-1 and Windows-1252 confusion
It is very common to mislabel text data with the charset label ISO-8859-1, even though the data is really Windows-1252 encoded. In Windows-1252, codes between 0x80 and 0x9F are used for letters and punctuation, whereas they are control codes in ISO-8859-1. Many web browsers and e-mail clients will interpret ISO-8859-1 control codes as Windows-1252 characters in order to accommodate such mislabeling but it is not standard behaviour and care should be taken to avoid generating these characters in ISO-8859-1 labeled content. However, the draft HTML 5 specification requires that documents advertised as ISO-8859-1 actually be parsed with the Windows-1252 encoding.[1]
[edit] Similar character sets
The Apple Macintosh computer introduced a character encoding called Mac Roman, or Mac-Roman, in 1984. It was meant to be suitable for Western European desktop publishing. It is a superset of ASCII, like ISO-8859-1, and has most of the characters that are in ISO-8859-1 but in a totally different arrangement. A later version, registered with IANA as "Macintosh", replaced the generic currency sign ¤ with the euro sign €. The few printable characters that are in ISO 8859-1 but not in this set are often a source of trouble when editing text on websites using older Macintosh browsers (including the last version of Internet Explorer for Mac). However the extra characters that Windows-1252 has in the C1 codepoint range are all supported in MacRoman and except for the few missing ISO-8859-1 characters a Macintosh can send/receive files (and email) that are encoded/marked as ISO-8859-1 (with the C1 Control Characters) and Windows-1252 by remapping the glyph's codepoint numbers.
DOS had code page 850, which had all printable characters that ISO-8859-1 had (albeit in a totally different arrangement) plus the most widely used graphic characters from code page 437.
[edit] See also
- Latin characters in Unicode
- ISO/IEC 8859-15 – a derivative of ISO-8859-1
- Universal character set
- Unicode
- UTF-8
[edit] References
- ^ HTML 5 Draft Recommendation — 20 April 2009, 2.8 Character encodings, retrieved [2009-04-20].
[edit] External links
- ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998
- ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998 - 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets, Part 1: Latin alphabet No. 1 (draft dated February 12, 1998, published April 15, 1998)
- Standard ECMA-94: 8-Bit Single Byte Coded Graphic Character Sets - Latin Alphabets No. 1 to No. 4 2nd edition (June 1986)
- ISO-IR 100 Right-Hand Part of Latin Alphabet No.1 (February 1, 1986)
- Windows Code pages
- Differences between ANSI, ISO-8859-1 and MacRoman Character Sets
- The Letter Database
- The ISO 8859 Alphabet Soup - Roman Czyborra's summary of ISO character sets
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