The following color code and terms are used:
information from the TV Series
                    (Including TOS, TNG, DS9, and VOY)
information from the "Cannon" Tech Manuals.
                    (TNG Technical Manual, The Encyclopedia, Enterprise-D Deckplans......)
information from references written by those who work on the TV series
                    (ST TMP Blueprints, Science Logs....)
information from Franz Josephs works
                  (Star Fleet Technical Manual, Enterprise Booklet of General Plans)
information from Last Unicorn Games RPG:
                    (The DS9 Core Book, The Price of Freedom,....)
information from unofficial sources
                    (my own speculation, and other fan speculation.)

MONEY IN THE UFP:
UFP citizens often find money somewhat vulgar.   At best they have learned to rise above the need for material things and focus on self improvement. At worst they view it with a Victorian Prudishness; everyone needs it but its not polite to talk about it in public.  Either way Federation Citizens no longer compete for resources.
   Despite this attitude (or perhaps because of it) the UFP is a VERY wealthy government.  It's yearly budget is hundreds of trillions of credits.  There resources per capita exceed any other major space power.  Poverty is unknown, even on the Frontier of the Federation.  The UFP's budget is controlled by the Federation Economics Council (led by the Secretary of Commerce Kolrak).  The Dispute Resolution Agency (a subagency of the Economics Council) arbitrates disagreements involving money.
   Though Tellar is the commercial focus of the UFP, the Bank of Bolarus (located on Bolarus IX) is one of the most powerful financial giants in the UFP.

THE FEDERATION CREDIT:
Created around the 2230 AD the Federation Credit the official interstellar currency of the United Federation of Planets.
UFP Credits (or "Federation" Credits) are handled electronically.  They are often transferred with PADDS and require thumb print or retina scan.  Alpha Centauri, and Tellar don't have their own currency.  Instead they rely on Federation Credit.  Even the unallied Orions have virtually given up on there Dejebbits and use UFP Credits.

MONEY ON EARTH:
Humans don't need money.  This is because there is no currency used on Earth.  All citizens receive an allotment of Replicator Credits (to provide food and other material needs), Transporter Credits (to use transporters, maglev trains and shuttles), Structure Credits (for housing and storage).  The allotments are based off the needs of the citizen (and his dependents) and are more then enough to provide an excellent, healthy standard of living.  There are of course limits.  A citizen can exceed these limits in three ways.  Savings, Applications for Grants, and good old fashion Work.  A person desiring to create his own full size replica of "The Statue of Liberty" would either save his replicator credits until he could "buy" one (this would take a very long time), apply for a grant (requiring him to justify how another statue will benefit the UFP), or work in a business that enhances the lives of those around him until he has earned enough to "purchase" the replica.  Earth citizens are free to choose any job that suits them.  Their pay takes the form of extra transporter/replicator/structure Credits.  Similarly a trip to Vulcan on Bajor could be obtained the same way.  All medical care on Earth is free.  Off-worlders can use Federation Credits to use replicators, transporters and other services.  All Earth Credits (transporter, replicator...) have a one to one exchange rate with the UFP Credit.

MONEY IN STARFLEET:
Service in Starfleet offers FULL coverage for the officer (or enlisted).  This includes medical, educational, transportation, Even holodeck usage is covered.  Despite this there are times when a Crew member will wish to purchase a service or object that isn't available on a starship.  To do this the crewmember must make a request of the officer in charge of disbursements.  The request will usually include a list of what the money will be used for.  Funds are generally allocated more by need then by rank or position.  Approval is quickly granted for most reasonable requests.  Though crewmembers will often face a unofficial reprimand for forcing Starfleet to pay a large gambling debt.  Starfleet personnel who show excessive greed or an unhealthy "obsession" with collecting certain objects will be diagnosed with a personality disorder and recommended for counseling.

TRADE WITH OTHER RACES:
Though the UFP does its interplanetary business in Federation Credits many individual member worlds uses their own unit of currency.  Likewise nonaligned races (such as the Romulans and the Ferengi) have there on tokens of exchange.  The Federation has almost no regulation of trade.

GOLD PRESSED LATINUM:
Gold-Pressed Latinum is made up of two components: Latinum Ditensenide and Gold (a non-corudable metal).  Latinum comes from the 4th extended scale of the periodic table.  This means that it has a high false-vacuume energy potential.  No replication technology is able to detect the exact proportion of matter in a samples present four-space.  At Standard Temperature and Pressure (such as a Class M environment) Latinum Ditensenide (often called simply Latinum) appeares to be a clear liquid with a silver shine.  It was discovered by the Ferengi in about 1400 AD.  Latinum is minded from natural deposits on the select number of worlds which have the right geologic conditions.  Because of its great scarcity (equaled to Dilithium Crystal) it was a natural choice as a medium of exchange and has in fact become the most popular currency on the Frontier.  When used in this way Latinum is "pressed" into pieces of  Gold; hence the name Gold-Pressed Latinum.

GOLD PRESSED LATINUM INGOT EXCHANGE RATES:
1 Slip = 100 credit
1 Strip = 100 slips = 10,000 credits
1 Bar =  20 strips = 200,000 credits
1 Brick = 20 strips = 4,000,000 credits

OTHER EXCHANGE RATES
1 Federation Credit = 1 credit
1 Earth Credit (any) = 1 credit
1 Vulcan Rials = .01 credits
1 Tellarite Bem = 1 credit?
1 Andorian Kossos = ?
1 Orion Dejebbit = ?
1 Romulan T'Chak = 170 credits
1 Klingon Darsek = 50-100 credits
1 Nausicaan Chiv'vig = 18 credits
1 Gorn Tokbar = 400 credits
1 Tholian Doleen = 150 credits
1 Cardassian Lek = 170 (pre-Dominion War)
1 Bajoran Lita = 150 credits
1 Breen Mitondrium = 1300 credits
1 Ferengi Nondoran = 10-2000 credits (fluctuates wildly)
1 Ferengi Bongan = 10-1500 credits (fluctuates wildly)
1 Ferengi Komax = 10-1000 credits (fluctuates wildly)
NOTE: the Ferengi have a total of 49 different types of currencies.

COMMON TRADE ITEMS
Latinum Ditensenide (per cm^3) = ~2,000,000 credits
Dilithium Crystal (per cm^3) = ~2,300,000 credits
Biomimetic Gel = high?
Ludugial Gold (kg) =  high?
Pergium = ?
Borenite (spelling?) (per gram) = ~1,200,000 credits
Kiva Gemstones = high?
Bolian Crystals = high?
Tallonian Crystal = very high?
Isolinear chips (per quad) = less then .005 credits
 

OTHER JUNK

SOME OTHER ELEMENTS:
Colladium, Irillium, Murinite, Indurite, Trivium, Trititanium, and Corbomite
Pergium (powers life support systems)
Dikironium (rare gas)
Celebium (radioactive element)
Topaline (rare mineral used in life-support systems)
Rubindium (used in subspace transmitters),
Rodinium (NDF resistant armor),
(di)Boridium (used in power generators)
Diburnium (metal)
Kironide (provides Psionic powers)
Tritanium (metal used in starship hulls)
Tricobalt (subspace explosive)
 

NOTES:
 It costs "millions" of credits to get a ship for a trader campaign.
 It MIGHT cost 10 bars of latinum per structure unit on a ship (see Space Dock)
 The money to start an arms business is approximately equal to what it takes to purchase a Ferengi Pod (uprated) (see STM#22)
 A severely damaged Ferengi Shuttle (uprated) is worth passage from Earth to DS9. (21~ LY)
 One rust bucket shuttle with superior tech for 3 used power cells and a jukebox of music.
 1 kg of Borenite (spelling?) is worth half as much as 1 kg of Dilithium

OTHER NOTES (JUNK)?:
 Base power cost in Joules/kg for deuterium:
170 MegaJouls
2 milligrams of reacted deuterium
.002 milligrams of reacted matter/antimatter
Anti-Duterium
 (per kg)   5,000,000,000?