Encyclopedia
This
page provides links below to articles containing information about indigenous
groups that live in Brazil today. In the introduction, we discuss some
of the problems surrounding methods of classifying these groups and
limitations in the data available for our articles.
Introduction
Our goal in putting together this Encyclopedia of Indigenous Peoples
is, eventually, to offer articles that provide information about all
the different groups native to Brazil. This will not be an easy task
to complete. Throughout their history, especially since foreign contact,
these groups have gone through processes of fission and fusion. This
makes it difficult to decide on criteria for distinguishing among various
peoples, communities, and sub-groups. Sometimes the criteria may seem
arbitrary, and decisions about which to follow are subject to debate.
Moreover, most ethnic groups are known by more than one name. As a result,
any system of classifying indigenous peoples into a list is imprecise
and provisional.
Our list of indigenous groups may need to be expanded, for instance,
when isolated peoples are contacted
by outsiders or when seemingly assimilated peoples present renewed,
“emergent” identities.
On the other hand, the list may need to be reduced, since the risk of
extinction still threatens some groups (see the article on “Indigenous
population of Brazil”).
Further problems surround the materials available for many of the articles.
The amount and quality of information on each group that have been gathered
and published vary widely; consequently, the entries in this Encyclopedia
differ in length and detail. In some cases, no research has been conducted
on a particular group yet or a researcher may not be available to write
an article. This means that we still need to add articles to the Encyclopedia
and that it is very much a work in progress.
Which people?
To find an article on a particular indigenous group, click on the first
letter of its name in the alphabetical line below, then scroll through
the list appearing under each letter and click on the name of the group
you are looking for. Since a particular group may be known by several
different names, the list includes many variants of names, linked to
the same article, for each group (for instance, Ashaninka and Kampa,
Kayapo and Caiapó, Yanomami and Ianomami). Names highlighted
in yellow print are linked to completed Encyclopedia articles; those
in plain black print do not yet have articles, so they are simply linked
to a table of basic facts, indicating the location, language, population,
and land base for each indigenous people.
Special articles
There are also articles that do not deal with any specific indigenous group but, instead, analyze a set of peoples that, although they
speak different languages and have many singular characteristics, inhabits in the same region and are intimately related by a exchange network
of intermarriage, trade, rituals and political articulations. There is also the instance of Timbira people whose inner social groups speak
the same language, but are geographically dispersed and have many cultural and historical differences concerning the contact with other
indigenous peoples or with the non-indigenous population.
Northwest Amazon
(Ethnic groups of
the Içana; the
Maku ethnic groups)
Indigenous Park of
the Xingu
A
Aikanã
(Aikaná, Massaká,Tubarão)
Aikewara (Suruí)
Ajuru
Akawai (Ingarikó,
Ingaricó Kapon)
Akuáwa (Asurini do Tocantins)
Akunsu
(Akunt'su)
Akwe (Xavante,
Xerente, Awen, Akwen)
Alaketesu
(Nambikwara do Sul, Hahaintesu, Alantesu, Waikisu, Wasusu, Sararé)
Alantesu
(Nambikwara do Sul, Hahaintesu, Waikisu, Alaketesu, Wasusu, Sararé)
Amanayé (Amanaié)
Amondawa
Anambé
Anunsu
(Nambikwara)
Apalai
(Aparai)
Aparai
(Apalai)
Apiaká (Apiacá)
Apinajé (Apinayé, Timbira)
Apiterewa
(Parakanã)
Apurinã
Aranã
Arapaso
Arara
do Acre (Shawanauá)
Arara
do Aripuanã (Arara do Beiradão)
Arara
do Beiradão (Arara do Aripuanã)
Arara do Pará
(Ukarãgmã, Ukarammã)
Arara
de Rondônia (Karo)
Araweté
Arekuna
(Taurepang, Pemon)
Arikapu
Aruá
Aruã (Galibi Marworno, Galibi do Uaçá)
Ashaninka (Kampa)
Asurini do
Tocantins (Akuáwa)
Asurini
do Xingu (Awaeté)
Atikum
Aukwayene
(Palikur, Paliku’ene)
A’uwe
(Xavante, Akwe, Awen, Akwen)
A’ukre (Kayapó, Mebengokre)
Avá-Canoeiro
Avakatueté (Guarani, Ñandeva, Chiripá)
Awá (Guajá)
Awaeté
(Asurini do Xingu)
Awen
(Xavante, Xerente,
Akwe, Akwen)
Aweti
B
Bakairi (Kurâ, Bacairi)
Banawa Yafi (Banawa)
Baniwa
(Walimanai, Wakuenai)
Bará
(Waípinõmakã)
Barasana
(Hanera)
Barbados
(Umutina, Omotina)
Baré
Beiço-de-Pau
(Tapayuna)
Boe (Bororo)
Bororo (Boe)
Borun
(Krenak)
Buia-Tapuya (Miriti-Tapuya)
C
Cadiuéu
(Caduveo, Kadiweu, Ejiwajigi)
Caiabi
(Kayabi)
Caiapó
(Mebengokre)
Caimbé (Kaimbé)
Caingangue
(Kaingang)
Caixana
Calapalo (Kalapalo)
Camaiurá
(Kamayurá)
Camba (Kamba)
Cambeba
(Kambeba, Omágua)
Cambiuá
(Kambiwá)
Canamanti
(Kanamanti, Jamamadi, Yamamadi, Jeoromitxi, Kapaná, Kapinamari)
Canamari
(Kanamari, Tüküná)
Canela
Apaniekra (Kanela Apaniekra, Timbira)
Canela
Rankokamekra (Kanela Rankokamekra)
Canoe
(Kanoe)
Canoeiros
(Rikbaktsa, Erigpaktsa)
Cantaruré
(Kantaruré)
Capinauá
(Kapinawá)
Carajá
(Karajá)
Carapanã (Karapanã, Muteamasa, Ukopinõpõna)
Carapotó (Karapotó)
Caripuna
(Karipuna)
Caripuna
do Amapá (Karipuna do Amapá)
Cariri (Kariri)
Cariri-Chocó (Kariri-Xocó )
Caritiana (Karitiana)
Cashinauá
(Huni-Kuin, Kaxinawá, Caxinauá)
Cassupá
Caxarari
(Kaxarari)
Caxinauá
(Huni-Kuin, Kaxinawá, Cashinauá)
Chamacoco
Chipaya (Xipaia, Xipaya)
Chiquitano
(Chiquito)
Chiripá
(Guarani, Ñandeva, Avakatueté)
Chocó
(Xocó)
Cinta
Larga (Matétamãe)
Coaiá
(Kwazá, Koaiá)
Cobewa
(Cubeo, Kubeo, Kubéwa, Pamíwa)
Cocama
(Kocama)
Columbiara (Corumbiara)
Craô
(Kraô, Krahô,Timbira)
Crenaque
(Krenak, Borun)
Cubeo
(Kubeo, Cobewa, Kubéwa, Pamíwa)
Culina Madihá
(Kulina, Madija, Madiha)
Culina Pano (Kulina Pano)
Curipaco
(Kuripako)
Curuaia
(Kuruaya)
D
Dasea
(Ye’pâ-masa, Tukano)
Deni
Desana (Wira, Umukomasã)
Diahui
(Jahoi, Jahui, Diarroi)
Digüt
(Gavião)
Dokapuara (Tuyuka, Utapinõmakãphõná)
Dow (Duw, Maku)
E
Enawenê-Nawê (Salumã)
Ejiwajigi (Kadiweu)
Erigpaktsa (Rikbaktsa, Canoeiros)
Ewarhuyana
F
Fulni-ô
G
Galibi
do Oiapoque (Kaliña)
Galibi Marworno
(Galibi do Uaçá, Aruã)
Gavião
do Maranhão (Pukobiê, Pykopjê, Timbira)
Gavião do
Pará (Parkatejê, Gavião do Mãe Maria, Timbira)
Gavião
de Rondônia (Digüt)
Gorotire (Kayapó, Mebengokre)
Guajá (Awá)
Guajajara
(Tenethehara)
Guarani
(Kaiowá, Pãi Tavyterã, Ñandeva, Avakatueté, Chiripá, M’bya)
Guató
H
Hahaintesu
(Nambikwara do Sul, Alantesu, Waikisu, Alaketesu, Wasusu, Sararé)
Halotesu
(Nambikwara do Campo, Kithaulu, Wakalitesu, Sawentesu)
Hanera (Barasana)
Huitoto (Witoto, Uitoto)
Huni-Kuin
(Kaxinawá, Cashinauá, Caxinauá)
Hupda (Maku Hupda)
Hyskariana (Hiskariana)
I
Iaminawá (Yaminawá, Jaminawá)
Ianoama (Yanomami, Ianomâmi, Xirianá, Yanomam, Sanumá, Ninam)
Ianomâmi (Yanomami, Ianoama, Xirianá,
Yanomam, Sanumá, Ninam)
Índios Gigantes (Panará, Krenhakarore, Krenakore, Krenakarore, Kreen-akarore)
Iaualapiti
Iauanauá
Ikpeng (Txikão)
Ingarikó (Akawaio, Kapon)
Iranxe (Manoki)
Iraru
mahãdu (Xambioá, Karajá do Norte)
Ixybiowa
(Xambioá, Karajá do Norte, Iraru mahãdu)
J
Jabuti
Jamamadi
(Yamamadi, Jeoromitxi, Kanamanti, Kapaná, Kapinamari)
Jaminawá
(Yaminawá, Iaminawá)
Jarawara
Javaé
Jenipapo-Kanindé
(Paiaku)
Jeoromitxi (jabuti)
Jiahui
(Djahui, Diarroi, Kagwahiva)
Jiripancó
Juma
(Yuma)
Jupaú (Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau, Urueu-Uau-Uau, Urupain)
Juruna
(Yuruna, Yudjá)
K
Kaapor
(Ka’apor, Urubu-Kaapor, Kaaporté)
Kadiweu
(Ejiwajigi)
Kagwahiva (Jiahui,
Juma,
Karipuna, Amondawa,
Parintintin, Tenharim,
Uru-eu-wau-wau)
Kah’yana
(Tiriyó, Trio, Tarona, Yawi, Pianokoto, Tsikuyana)
Kaiabi
(Kayabi, Caiabi)
Kaimbé (Caimbé)
Kaingang
(Caingangue)
Kaiowá
(Guarani, Pãi Tavyterã)
Kaixana
(Caixana)
Kalabaça
Kalankó
Kalapalo (Calapalo)
Kamã
(Maku Dow)
Kamaiurá
(Camaiurá)
Kamba (Camba)
Kambeba
(Cambeba, Omágua)
Kambiwá
(Cambiuá)
Kampa (Ashaninka)
Kanamanti
(Jamamadi, Yamamadi)
Kanamari
(Canamari, Tüküná)
Kanela
Apaniekra (Canela Apaniekra, Timbira)
Kanela
Rankokamekra (Canela Rankokamekra)
Kanindé
Kanoe
(Canoê, kapixanã)
Kantaruré
(Cantaruré)
Kapaná
(Jamamadi, Yamamadi, Jeoromitxi, Kanamanti, Kapinamari)
Kapinamari
(Jamamadi, Yamamadi, Jeoromitxi, Kanamanti, Kapaná)
Kapinawá
(Capinauá)
Kapon-Ingarikó
(Ingaricó, Akawaio)
Karafawyana
(Wai Wai)
Karajá
(Carajá)
Karajá
do Norte (Xambioá, Ixybiowa, Iraru mahãdu)
Karapanã
(Carapanã, Muteamasa, Ukopinõpõna)
Karapotó (Carapotó)
Kararaô (Kayapó,
Caiapó, Mebengokre)
Karipuna
(Amapá) (Caripuna do Amapá)
Karipuna
(Rondônia) (Caripuna de Rondônia)
Kariri (Cariri)
Kariri-Xocó (Cariri-Chocó)
Karitiana (Caritiana)
Karo
(Arara de Rondônia)
Karuazu
Katuena
(Wai Wai)
Katukina
(Tüküná)
Katukina
Pano
Katukina Shanenawa
Katxuyana
Kaxarari
(Caxarari)
Kaxinawá
(Cashinauá, Caxinauá, Huni-Kuin)
Kaxixó
Kayapó
(Caiapó, Mebengokre, Gorotire, A’ukre, Kikretun, Mekrãnoti,
Kuben-Kran-Ken Kokraimoro, Metuktire, Kararaô, Xikrin.
)
Kikretun
(Kayapó, Mekrãnoti)
Kinja
(Waimiri Atroari, Kiña, Uaimiry, Crichaná)
Kiriri
Kithaulu
(Nambikwara do Campo, Halotesu, Wakalitesu, Sawentesu)
Koaiá
(Kwazá, Coaiá)
Kocama
(Cocama)
Kokraimoro
(Kayapó, Caiapó, Mebengokre)
Kokuiregatejê
(Timbira)
Korubo
Krahô
(Craô, Kraô, Timbira)
Krenak
(Crenaque, Borun)
Krenhakarore
(Krenakore, Panará, Krenakarore, Índios Gigantes, Kreen-akarore)
Krenyê
(Timbira)
Krikati
(Krinkati, Timbira)
Kriketum
(Kayapó, Caiapó, Mebengokre)
Kuben-Kran-Ken
(Kayapó, Caiapó, Mebengokre)
Kubeo
(Cubeo, Cobewa, Kubéwa, Pamíwa)
Kubéwa
(Kubeo, Cubeo, Cobewa, Pamíwa)
Kuikuro (Kuikuru)
Kujubim (Kuyubi)
Kulina
Madihá (Culina, Madija, Madiha)
Kulina Pano (Culina Pano)
Kurâ
(Bakairi, Bacairi)
Kuripako (Curipaco)
Kuruaya
(Curuaia)
Kuyubi (Kujubim)
Kwazá
(Coaiá, Koaiá, Quazá)
L
Latundê
(Nambikwara do Norte, Negarotê, Mamaindê, Sabanê, Manduka, Tawandê)
M
Machineri (Manchineri)
Macurap (Makurap)
Macuxi (Makuxi, Macushi, Pemon)
Madiha (Kulina Madihá, Culina, Madija)
Magüta (Ticuna, Tikuna, Tukuna)
Maiongong (Yekuana, Ye’kuana, Yekwana)
Maku (Macu, Maku Yuhupde, Maku Hupdá, Maku Nadeb, Maku Dow, Maku Kakwa e Nukak)
Maku Dow (Kamã)
Makuna (Macuna, Yeba-masã)
Makuxi (Macuxi, Macushi, Pemon)
Mamaindê (Nambikwara do Norte, Negarotê, Latundê, Sabanê
e Manduka, Tawandê)
Manduka (Nambikwara do Norte, Negarotê, Mamaindê, Latundê,
Sabanê, Tawandê)
Manoki (Iranxe)
Marubo
Matipu
Matis
Maxakali (Maxacali, Monacó bm, Kumanuxú,
Tikmuún)
Massaká (Aikaná, Aikanã, Tubarão)
Mawayana (Wai Wai)
Mayoruna (Matsé)
M’bya
(Guarani)
Mebengokre (Kayapó)
Mehim (Krahô)
Mehinako
Mekens (Sakurabiat)
Mekrãnoti (Kayapó, Mebengokre)
Menky (Myky, Munku)
Metuktire (Kayapó, Mebengokre)
Miranha (Mirãnha, Miraña)
Mirity Tapuya (Buia-Tapuya)
Munduruku (Mundurucu)
Munku (Menky, Menki, Myky)
Mura Pirahã
Mura
Muteamasa (Carapanã, Karapanã, Ukopinõpõna)
Myky (Menky, Menki, Munku)
N
Nadöb (Maku Nadöb, Nadeb)
Nahukwá (Nafuquá)
Nambikwara
(Nhambiquara, Anunsu, Halotesu, Kithaulu, Wakalitesu, Sawentesu, Negarotê,
Mamaindê, Latundê, Sabanê e Manduka, Tawandê, Hahaintesu, Alantesu,
Waikisu, Alaketesu, Wasusu, Sararé)
Nambikwara
do Campo (Halotesu, Kithaulu, Wakalitesu, Sawentesu)
Nambikwara
do Norte (Negarotê, Mamaindê, Latundê, Sabanê e Manduka, Tawandê)
Nambikwara
do Sul (Hahaintesu, Alantesu, Waikisu, Alaketesu, Wasusu, Sararé)
Ñandeva (Guarani, Avakatueté, Chiripá)
Náua (Nawa)
Negarotê (Nambikwara do Norte, Mamaindê, Latundê, Sabanê
e Manduka, Tawandê)
Ninam (Yanomami, Ianomâmi, Ianoama)
Nukini
O
Ofaié
(Ofayé-Xavante)
Omágua
(Kambeba)
Omutina
(Barbados)
Oro Win
Oyampi (Waiãpi)
P
Pageyn
(Zoró)
Pãi Tavyterã (Guarani, Kaiowá)
Paíter
(Suruí Paíter)
Pakaa Nova (Wari, Pacaás
Novos)
Palikur
(Aukwayene, Aukuyene, Paliku’ene)
Palmari (Paomari)
Pamíwa (Kubeo, Kubéwa)
Panará
(Krenhakarore, Krenakore, Krenakarore, Índios Gigantes)
Pankararé
Pankararu
Pankaru
Parakanã
(Paracanã, Apiterewa)
Pareci (Haliti)
Parintintin
Parkatejê (Gavião Parkatejê, Gavião
do Mãe Maria)
Patamona (Kapon)
Pataxó
Pataxó
Hã-Hã-Hãe
Paumari (Pamoari)
Payaku (Jenipapo-Kanindé)
Pemon-Makuxi
(Macushi)
Pemon-Taurepang
(Taurepang, Taulipang, Arekuna)
Pianokoto
(Tiriyó, Trio, Tarona, Yawi, Tsikuyana, Kah’yana)
Pipipã
Pirahã (Mura Pirahã)
Pira-tuapuya (Piratapuya, Waíkana)
Pitaguari
Potiguara
Poturu (Zo’é)
Poyanawa
(Poianáua)
Q
Quazá (Kwazá,
Koaiá)
R
Rankokramekra (Canela)
Rikbaktsa (Canoeiros, Erigpaktsa)
S
Sabanê
(Nambikwara do Norte, Negarotê, Mamaindê, Latundê, e Manduka, Tawandê)
Salumã
(Enawenê-Nawê)
Sakurabiat
(Mekens, Sakirabiap, Sakirabiar)
Sararé
(Nambikwara do Sul, Hahaintesu, Alantesu, Waikisu, Alaketesu, Wasusu)
Sateré-Mawé
(Sataré-Maué)
Sawentesu
(Nambikwara do Campo, Kithaulu, Halotesu, Wakalitesu)
Shanenawa (Katukina)
Sanumá (Yanomami, Ianomâmi, Ianoama)
Shawanauá
(Arara do Acre)
Shokleng (Xokleng)
Siriano (Siria-Masã)
Sorowaha
(Zuruahã, Suruwaha)
Suruí (Aikewara)
Suruí
Paíter
Suruwaha
(Zuruahã, Sorowaha)
Suyá
T
Tabajara
Tapayuna
(Beiço-de-Pau)
Tapeba
Tapirapé (Tapi’irape)
Tapuio (Tapuia-Xavante, Tapuia)
Tariano (Tariana, Taliaseri)
Tarona (Tiriyó, Trio, Yawi, Pianokoto, Tsikuyana, Kah’yana)
Taurepang (Taulipang, Pemon, Arekuna)
Tawandê (Nambikwara do Norte, Negarotê, Mamaindê, Latundê, Sabanê, Manduka)
Tembé (Tenethehara)
Tenethehara (Guajajara, Tembé)
Tenharim
Terena
Timbira (Apinayé,
Gavião
Parkatejê, Gavião Pukobiê, Kanela Apaniekra,
Kanela Rankokamekra, Krahô, Krikati)
Tingui Botó
Tiriyó
(Trio, Tarona, Yawi, Pianokoto, Tsikuyana, Kah’yana)
Torá
Tremembé
Trio
(Tiriyó, Tarona, Yawi, Pianokoto, Tsikuyana, Kah’yana)
Truká
Trumai
Tsikuyana
(Tiriyó, Trio, Tarona, Yawi, Pianokoto, Kah’yana)
Tsohom
Djapá (Tsunhum-Djapá, Tyonhwak Dyapa, Tucano)
Tubarão
(Aikaná, Aikanã, Massaká)
Tucano
(Tsunhum-Djapá, Tsohom Djapá, Tyonhwak Dyapa)
Tukano do Rio Negro (Tucano-Ye’pâ-masa, Dasea)
Tüküná
(Kanamari, Canamari)
Tumbalala
Tupari
Tupinambá
Tupiniquim
Turiwara
Tuxá
Tuyuka (Tuiuca, Dokapuara, Utapinõmakãphõná)
Txikão (Ikpeng)
Tyonhwak
Dyap (Tsohom Djapá, Tsunhum-Djapá, Tucano)
U
Uaçauara
(Galibi Marworno)
Uanano
(Wanana)
Uaiana
(Wayana)
Uapixana
(Vapidiana, Wapishana)
Uaurá
(Waurá, Wauja)
Uitoto (Witoto, Huitoto)
Ukarãgmã
(Ukarammã, Arara do Pará)
Ukopinõpõna
(Karapanã, Muteamasa)
Umukomasã
(Desana, Desano, Wira)
Umutina
(Omotina, Barbados)
Urubu-Kaapor
(Ka’apor, Kaaporté)
Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau (Urueu-Uau-Uau, Urupain, Jupaú)
Urupain (Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau)
Utapinõmakãphõná(Tuyuka, Dokapuara)
V
Vapidiana
(Wapishana)
W
Waiãpi
(Wayampi, Oyampi, Wayãpy)
Waíkana
(Pira-Tapuya)
Waikisu
(Nambikwara do Sul, Hahaintesu, Alantesu, Alaketesu, Wasusu,
Sararé)
Waimiri
Atroari (Kinja, Kiña, Uaimiry, Crichaná)
Waípinõmakã (Bará)
Wai Wai (Karafawyana, Xereu, Katuena, Mawayana)
Walimanai (Baniwa, Wakuenai)
Wakalitesu (Nambikwara do Campo, Halotesu, Kithaulu, Sawentesu)
Wakuenai (Baniwa, Walimanai)
Wanano (Wanana)
Wapixana (Uapixana, Wapishana, Vapidiana, Wapisiana)
Warekena (Uarequena, Werekena)
Wari (Pakaa Nova, Pacaás Novos)
Wassu
Wasusu (Nambikwara do Sul, Hahaintesu, Alantesu, Waikisu, Alaketesu, Sararé)
Waurá (Uaurá, Wauja)
Wayana
Wayãpy (Waiãpi)
Wira (Desana, Umukomasã)
Witoto (Uitoto, Huitoto)
X
Xakriabá
Xambioá (Karajá do Norte)
Xavante
(A’uwe, Akwe, Awen, Akwen)
Xerente
(Akwe, Awen, Akwen)
Xereu
(Wai Wai)
Xetá
Xikrin
(Kayapó, Mebengokre, Put Karot)
Xipaya (Xipaia, Chipaya)
Xirianá
(Yanomami, Ianoama, Yanomam)
Xokleng
(Shokleng)
Xokó
Xukuru
Xukuru-Kariri
Y
Yaminawá
(Jaminawá)
Yamamadi (Jamamadi, Jeoromitxi, Kanamanti, Kapaná, Kapinamari)
Yanomami (Ianoama,
Xirianá, Yanomam, Sanumá, Ninam)
Yawalapiti
Yawanawá
Yawi
(Tiriyó, Trio, Tarona, Pianokoto, Tsikuyana, Kah’yana)
Yeba-masã (Makuna)
Yekuana (Maiongong, Ye’kuana, Yekwana)
Ye’pâ-masa (Tukano, Tucano, Dasea)
Yudjá (Juruna, Yuruna)
Yuma (Juma)
Z
Zo’é (Poturu)
Zoró
(Pageyn)
Zuruahã
(Sorowaha, Suruwaha)
