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Market Structure & Concentration

The structure of agricultural markets, including concentration, vertical coordination, and use of contracts, primarily determines how the food system performs in terms of prices, product selection, and profitability of stakeholders. ERS research on market structure and concentration monitors trends in the organization of the food system to inform policymakers and the public of the efficiency and equity of market performance.


Spotlights

Contracts, Markets, and Prices: Organizing the Production and Use of Agricultural Commodities—Contracts are now the primary method of handling sales of many commodities, including milk, hogs, broilers, and several major crops. Contracting can reduce producers' income risks from price and production variability.

Agricultural Contracting: Trading Autonomy for Risk Reduction—Farm production is shifting from smaller to larger family farms and from spot (or cash) markets to contracts. Expanded use of contracts supports the shift to larger farms by reducing financial risks for farm operators, but at a loss of managerial control and reduced autonomy.

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