Armada Española

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Armada Española
Spanish Navy
Components

Armada Española Surface Fleet Armada Española Air Arm Submarine Service Navy Marines
History
History of the Armada
Future of the Armada
Ships
Current Fleet
Historic ships
Personnel
Structure of the Armada
Academy of Naval Engineers
Officer naval academy
officer ranks of the Armada

The Spanish Navy (in Spanish, Armada Española) is the maritime arm of the Spanish Military.

The Spanish Navy (Armada) is considerable, ranking second in total tonnage, after the Royal Navy, among European NATO nations in the late 1990s and equaling the italian navy, the sixth of the world ^[1]. Its ship inventory, is being upgraded through a construction and modernization program^[2]. As part of its personnel reorganization, its strength had been reduced by 10,000 to 47,300 personnel, including Marines, as of 1987. Of this number, about 34,000 were conscripts ^[3].

1 The Spanish Navy today
2 History
3 Ranks
4 Ship classes
5 Future ships
6 Organization
7 Armada Española Air Arm
- 7.1 On Order
8 References
9 External links

[edit] The Spanish Navy today

Subordinate to the Spanish Chief of Naval Staff, with his headquarters in Madrid, were four zonal commands: the Cantabrian Maritime Zone with its headquarters at El Ferrol on the Atlantic coast; the Straits Maritime Zone with its headquarters at San Fernando near Cádiz; the Mediterranean Maritime Zone with its headquarters at Cartagena; and the Canary Islands Maritime Zone with its headquarters at Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.

Operational naval units were classified by mission, and they were assigned to the combat forces, the protective forces, or the auxiliary forces. The combat forces were given the tasks of conducting offensive and defensive operations against potential enemies and of assuring maritime communications. Their principal vessels included a carrier group, naval aircraft, transports and landing vessels, submarines, and missile-armed fast attack craft. The protective forces had the mission of protecting maritime communications over both ocean and coastal routes and the approaches to ports and to maritime terminals. Their principal components were destroyers or frigates, corvettes, and minesweepers as well as marine units for the defense of naval installations. The auxiliary forces, responsible for transport and for provisioning at sea, also had such diverse tasks as coast guard operations, scientific work, and maintenance of training vessels. In addition to supply ships and tankers, the force included several destroyers and a considerable number of patrol craft.

The largest vessel of the Armada is the aircraft carrier, Principe de Asturias (R11), which entered service in 1988 after completing sea trials. Built in Spain with initial United States engineering assistance, it was designed with a "ski-jump" takeoff deck. Its complement would be twelve AV-8 Harrier II vertical (or short) takeoff and landing (V/STOL) aircraft and sixteen helicopters designed for antisubmarine warfare and support of marine landings.

The carrier has an escort group of four Álvaro de Bazán class frigate, built in Spain and armed with Harpoon and Standard missiles. The first one was commissioned in 2002. Also in the inventory are six F-80 Santa María class frigates, commissioned between 1986 and 1995 and built in Spain. Six slightly smaller vessels of Portuguese design, classified as corvettes, were constructed in Spain between 1978 and 1982.

The fleet of eight submarines, based on Spanish-French designs. Four of the Agosta 90B class submarine were constructed in Spain between 1983 and 1985. They were equipped with the submarine-launched version of the Exocet antiship missile. Four submarines of the Daphne class had been completed between 1973 and 1975 and are now retired. The Spanish armada has in construction the new submarines of the class S-80, with conventional propulsion of long range and new technology anti-detection.

The Navy Marines, numbering 11,500 troops, are divided into base defense forces and landing forces. One of the three base defense battalions is stationed at each of the headquarters at Ferrol, Cartagena, and San Fernando. "Groups" (midway between battalions and regiments) are stationed at Madrid and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. The fleet [[Tercio]] (equal to a regiment), available for immediate embarkation, is based at San Fernando. Its principal arms included light tanks, armored personnel vehicles, self-propelled artillery, and TOW and Dragon antitank missiles.

[edit] History

[edit] The roots of the Spanish Navy (15th century)

"La Pinta", replica of one of the three ships used by Christopher Columbus in his first voyage across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492

The modern Spanish Armada's roots go back to the discovery of America, when two Caravels and one Nao commanded by Admiral Christopher Columbus arrived in what today is called America in 1492. Later, Hernán Cortés, Pizarro and other explorers and conquistadores were carried by the Armada to America. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was carried by the Armada from New Spain (Mexico) to establish the first Spanish settlements in the Philippines. It should be noted that the founding kingdoms of Spain, Aragon and Castile, had possessed strong naval capacities from as early as the 13th century. Aragon used this capacity to help build an empire in the Mediterranean and Castile conducted expeditions against the Moors (capture of Cadiz, 1232) and even several major battles against English fleets in support of France during the 100 Years War. In the 15th century Castile used its naval capacities to enter into a race of exploration with Portugal that inaugurated the European Age of Discovery. With the navies of both Aragon and Castile, as with their successor, the Armada, the Barbary pirates were a constant concern.

[edit] Expansion under the Hapsburgs (16th–17th centuries)

Battle of Lepanto (1571)

Among the most famous Armada Admirals was Álvaro de Bazán, "Almirante del Mar Océano" (Admiral of the Ocean Sea), a title granted to Columbus by King Ferdinand. De Bazán helped conduct the Battle of Lepanto against the Ottoman Empire in 1571. The Infantería de Marina (Navy Infantry), the world's oldest marine force (established in 1537, drawing from the Compañías Viejas del Mar de Nápoles), played a prominent role in this battle.

The Spanish Armada's defeat in 1588 did not mark a decline in the Spanish navy but actually led to a thorough reform and recovery of its dominance. Despite the heavy loss of ships and men off the Irish coast, the years that followed proved the zenith of the Spanish navy's mastery of the oceans. Following the repulse of an English Armada in 1589 the Spanish navy won a number of victories and successfully dealt with buccaneering against the Spanish treasure fleets and attacks upon its territories along the Spanish Main and in the Spanish West Indies. It was the Dutch rebels that were to cause a decline of Spanish sea power. Their commanders, selected for skill and experience, not aristocratic credentials, had inflicted serious defeats upon the Spanish navy from as early as the 1570s, and increasingly damaged Spanish and Portuguese shipping, especially from the 1620s. Most notable of these attacks was the Battle of Gibraltar in 1607 in which smaller, nimbler Dutch vessels surprised large ocean going galleons in the confines of the bay, with devastating results. Such attacks weakened the Armada's dominance with the destruction of a large troop carrying fleet at the Battle of the Downs in 1639, the last time the Spanish navy would challenge for the control of the English Channel. Further defeats were inflicted by the Dutch in the 1640s.

Spanish ship Santísima Trinidad, the biggest of its time

Sensing the decline of Spanish power the English dictator, Oliver Cromwell, initiated the Anglo-Spanish War (1654). The newly rebuilt English navy, greatly refined in technique by recent hard fought battles with the Dutch, inflicted several defeats on the Armada in the Caribbean, and helped England seize the island of Jamaica. This was to be the beginning of minor losses of islands to other powers in the Caribbean, that were used as bases for attacks on Spanish American towns and shipping by pirates and privateers.

The government of the later Spanish Habsburgs, having used up large resources in massive war efforts, showed no sign of its predecessors' vigorous reforming abilities, nor had sufficient funds to do so. Meanwhile the Dutch, English and French counterparts grew in strength. Nevertheless the Armada maintained the links between Spain and its territories, sometimes with the help of the Dutch navy, in the later part of the part of the 17th century and continued to dominate the Atlantic waters until the early 1800's.

[edit] Modernisation under the Bourbons (18th century)

During the eighteenth century the new Bourbon monarchy brought with it French expertise to help modernise the neglectd Armada^[4]^[5] and its administration. A "Secretaría" (Ministry) of the Army and Navy was established under which the command and administration of the disparate fleets was centralised in 1714 and a program of more rigorous standardisation was introduced both in ships, operations and administration. It was the third most important navy in the world as the French (with which it was often allied) and British navies vied for dominance. Nevertheless the Armada still played an indispensable supportive role in important military successes as in the War of Polish Succession, the War of Jenkins' Ear and the American War of Independence, and continued carrying out its regular duties such as patrolling coastlines, and protecting convoys, with the help of a large fleet of frigates.

San Felipe de Barajas Fortress (Cartagena). In 1741 Spanish naval and army forces, commanded by Blas de Lezo, defeated a massive British fleet and army invasion in an amphibious battle that centred upon this fortress in present-day Colombia

Eighteenth century naval tactics revolved around the protection of convoys, the maintainance of links to colonies, the suppression of piracy and privateering and the support of amphibious military operations, often in conjuntion with the army. The universal orthodoxy of the day despaired of any really significant strategically decisive naval battles. In these terms, then, the modernised Armada acquitted itself as a generally very effective force until the economic, political and administrative chaos wrought in Spain by the Napoleonic wars.

[edit] The Spanish Navy's Decline (19th century)

The 19th century was the nadir of the Spanish Armada's history. The Armada suffered two great events. On October 21 1805 forced to the battle by Napoleon, the franco-spanish fleet was defeated in the Battle of Trafalgar. Of the 15 ships, only 6 immediately regained Cadiz. More importantly the one sided battle which pitted 33 ships of the Franco-Spanish squadron against 27 British ships exposed the futility of using inexperienced crews against the veteran British sailors. Many of the Spanish crews were land soldiers, recently press-ganged beggars and peasants, with some not even having fired a cannon on board of a rolling ship, in contrast to the heavily drilled British crews who had seen many actions by this time. This had come about by the loss of many experienced sailors to an epidemic of the yellow fever in 1802-04, as well as being a traditional cost saving measure. Nelson's daring tactics took full advantage of the skill disparities of the opposing squadrons. The Armada's remaining 45 ships of the line (of about 150 vessels in total) remained at port until it joined the anti-Napoleonic coalition in 1808.

The end of the 19th century finished, as it had begun, with another strategically decisive event. On July 3, 1898, Admiral Cervera's fault ridden squadron was annihilated in a heroic but clearly hopeless charge to get past a blockade by a powerful American squadron off Cuba, during the Spanish-American war.

Throughout its history the Spanish navy has achieved numerous goals, from the transportation of gold and silver from the colonies in America, to the maintenance of the Spanish Empire in Europe, America, Asia and Africa. In its heyday it contributed enormously to the geographical knowledge of the world, the opening of ocean routes across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and the suppression of piracy and smuggling. It also contributed to the early development of ocean going vessels, most famously the galleon, and played an important part in the development the submarine. It would not be but until the XX century when the Spanish Armada could begin its recovery and growth until to be considered now among the most important of the world.

[edit] The Contemporary Spanish Navy (20th and 21st Centuries)

A port bow view of the Spanish Navy, F 100 Class Frigate, Almirante Juan de Borbón (F102)

In modern times, the Armada Española is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and has taken part in many coalition peacekeeping operations, from SFOR to Haiti and other places around the world. The Armada is considered the sixth strongest navy of the world.

Today's Armada is a modern navy with ships such as an aircraft carrier, a new strategic amphibious ship (2008), modern frigates (F-100 class) with the Aegis combat system, F-80 frigates, S-80a submarines, amphibious ships and plenty of other smaller ships, including oceanographic research ships. The Spanish Navy Infantry (Marines), known in Spanish as the Infantería de Marina, is also part of the Armada.

The Armada's special operations and unconventional warfare capability is embodied in its newly-formed Naval Special Warfare Command (Mando de Guerra Naval Especial), which is under the direct control of the Admiral of the Fleet. Two units operate under this command:

The Special Operations Unit (Unidad de Operaciones Especiales (UOE)): Special operations unit trained in combat diving, coastal infiltration, shipboarding, direct action and special reconnaissance.
The Combat Diver Unit (Unidad de Buceadores de Combate (UEBC)): Specialist combat diving unit trained in underwater demolitions.

Armada officers receive their education at the Spanish Naval Academy (ENM). They are recruited in two different ways:

Militar de Complemento: Similar to the U.S. ROTC program, students are college graduates who enroll the Navy. They spend a year at the Naval Academy and then are commissioned as Ensigns. This path is becoming more and more prestigious.
Militar de Carrera: Students spend five years at the ENM, receiving a university degree-equivalent upon graduation.

[edit] Ranks

The officer ranks of the Spanish Navy are as follows below, (for a comparison with other NATO ranks, see Ranks and Insignia of NATO).

NATO Code	OF-10	OF-9	OF-8	OF-7	OF-6	OF-5	OF-4	OF-3	OF-2	OF-1		OF-D	Student Officer
Spain (Edit)												No Equivalent
Spain (Edit)	Capitán General²	Almirante General	Almirante	Vice Almirante	Contra Almirante	Capitán de Navío	Capitán de Fragata	Capitán de Corbeta	Teniente de Navío	Alférez de Navío	Alférez de Fragata	No Equivalent	Guardiamarinas y aspirantes

[edit] Ship classes

See: List of active Spanish Navy ships

[edit] Future ships

See: List of future Spanish Navy ships

[edit] Organization

The aircraft carrier Principe de Asturias (R11)

The Fleet (Headquarter located at Rota)
- Projection Group 1 located at Rota
  - 1 Aircraft carrier R-11 Principe de Asturias class
  - 2 LPD L-50 Galicia-class
  - 2 LST L-40 Pizarro class
  - 1 Fleet oiler A-11 Marques de la Ensenada class
  - 1 Replenishment ship A-14 Patiño class (located at Ferrol)
- 41st Escort Squadron located at Rota
  - 6 Frigates F-80 Santa María class
- 31st Escort Squadron located at Ferrol
  - 4 Frigates F-100 Alvaro de Bazán class
  - 1 Frigate F-70 Baleares class
- Submarine flotilla located at Cartagena.
  - 4 Submarines S-70 Galerna class
- MCM flotilla located at Cartagena
  - 1 MCM support ship M-10 Descubierta Modified class
  - 6 Minehunters M-30 Segura class

[edit] Armada Española Air Arm

Main Article: Armada Española Air Arm

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