Sound
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- This article is about compression waves. You may be looking for the geographical term, sound, a large ocean inlet, or a narrow ocean channel between two bodies of land, or a urethral sound, is a medical instrument used for dilating the urethra.
Sound is defined as mechanical compression or longitudinal displacement waves that propagate through a medium (solid, liquid or gas). Most sounds are combinations of signals, but a theoretical pure sound can be described as having a given speed of oscillation or frequency measured in hertz (Hz) and amplitude or sound pressure with measures such as decibel level. The range of sound audible to the human ear falls roughly between 20 Hz and 20 kHz at typical amplitudes with wide variations in response curves. Above and below this range are ultrasound and infrasound, respectively. Sound travels at the speed of 332 ms - 1 at 273K in air.
Humans and several animals perceive sounds with the sense of hearing with their ears, but low frequency sounds can also be felt by other parts of the body. Sounds are used in several ways, most notably for communication through speech or, for example, music. Sound perception can also be used for acquiring information about the surrounding environment in properties such as spatial characterics and presence of other animals or objects. For example, bats use one sort of echo-location for flying. Ships and submarines use sonar. Humans acquire and use spatial information perceived in sounds.
The perceived "amount" of sound (pressure wave) is defined as loudness and measured in sones. The human ear is most sensitive to sound in the middle of the audible frequency range. The amplitude of a sound wave (sound pressure) is measured in pascals, and the intensity of a sound is measured in decibels relative to a stated scale. The minimum audible sound intensity across all audible frequencies is defined as the Absolute Threshold of Hearing (ATH).
Scientific studies of sound are generally classified under the field of acoustics. Perception of sounds, i.e. hearing, are studied in psychoacoustics, which also implies the close relation between perception and psychology. Modelling the sounds that can be heard (and leaving out the inaudible sounds) is discussed in the psychoacoustic model. Further, the class of techniques and methods involving sound processing are usually called audio signal processing methods.
The hearing range varies between different animals: Bats have an unsually large one, while frogs have a narrow one. Typical frequencies (in hertz) are listed below:
- Bat: 100 - 100,000 Hz
- Dog: 10 - 35,000 Hz
- Elephant: 1 - 20,000 Hz
- Frog: 100 - 2,500 Hz
- Human: 20 - 20,000 Hz
See Also
- Cycles
- Music
- Sound reproduction
- Sound proofing
- Demonstrating sound waves on an oscilloscope
- Voyager Golden Record
- Radiation of sound
- Physics of music
Sound Measurement
- Decibel
- Sound pressure
- Sound pressure level
- Sound energy flux
- Sound power
- Sound intensity
- Sound intensity level
External Links
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