W3C W3C Activities | W3C Team

W3C in The Press in 2002

January · February · March · April

Articles from other years

2002 · 2001 · 2000 · 1999 · 1998 · 1997 · 1996 · 1995

April

C|NET [1 April]
"Vision of Flash-based Web raises doubts ", David Becker, W3C, SVG

March

Shoeisha [26 March]
"Streaming Contents Design Guide: Interview of Philipp Hoschka" , Takesato Hayashi, SMIL, SVG, Philipp Hoschka, Martin Dürst (in Japanese)
ZDNet.fr [25 March]
"Cinq spécifications techniques pour la qualité des services web" , Tim Landgrave, W3C, XML, SOAP, WSDL, Web Services
All HTML [25 March]
"Le W3C et les services Web..." , W3C, Web Services, XKMS
JDNet Solutions [25 March]
"Les Web Services seront-ils vraiment au rendez-vous de JavaOne ?" , W3C, SOAP, Web Services, XML, WSDL
Sophianet.com [25 March]
"INRIA : le lancement du club Intech'Sophia" , Jean-Pierre Largillet, W3C, Web Services, Yves Lafon
XMLfr.org [25 March]
"Après ebXML, WS-I ?" , Claude Chiaramonti, W3C, Web Services, XML
Nikkei Internet Technology [22 March]
"W3C settles the discussion about Patent Policy ; Royalty Free for the Patent included in W3C specifications" , Kazuma Andoh, W3C, Patents
Yahoo! France [22 March]
"Icra Filter : le chaperon du Net" , W3C, PICS
JDNet Solutions [22 March]
"Web Services: Microsoft veut gagner la course à la standardisation" , Antoine Crochet Damais, W3C, Web Services, XKMS, XML, SOAP, WSDL, HTTP
JDNet Solutions [22 March]
"Le W3C complète le chapitre de la sécurité des services Web" , Cyril Dhenin, W3C, Web Services, XKMS, SOAP, WSDL, XML Encryption, XML Signature
Sophianet.com [22 March]
"Intech'Sophia : les services Web" , W3C, Web Services, Yves Lafon
L'entreprise [19 March]
"Les internautes enfin protégés ?" , Julien Wagner, W3C, P3P
JDNet Solutions [15 March]
"Le W3C et les éditeurs : de l'eau dans le gaz ?" , Cyril Dhenin, W3C, Semantic Web, RDF, Web Services, SOAP, WSDL, Tim Berners-Lee
JDNet Solutions [15 March]
"Idée reçue No 3: "XML c'est l'esperanto du Web"" , Cyril Dhenin, W3C, XML, XSLT, XML Schema, XML Namespaces, WSDL, SOAP, HTML
Infoeasy.fr [14 March]
"Le XML Schema recommandé" , W3C, XML Schema, XML Namespaces, XML, CSS, XSLT, Tim Berners-Lee
Infoeasy.fr [14 March]
"Le standard XKMS" , W3C, XKMS
XML.com [13 March]
"Introduction to DAML: Part II", Roxane Ouellet, Uche Ogbuji, W3C, T. Berners-Lee, XML, RDF
Transfert [13 March]
"Jospin mobilise la techno" , Sylviane Stein, W3C, Jean-François Abramatic
JDNet Solutions [13 March]
"Daniel Dardailler (World Wide Web Consortium) : "Le W3C ne cherche pas à ralentir les travaux relatifs aux Web Services"" , Cyril Dhenin, W3C, Web Services, SVG, VoiceXML, SMIL, Semantic Web, Daniel Dardailler
C|NET [13 March]
"Arbortext Raises $13.5 Million", XML
Portable Design Magazine [12 March]
"Next-gen microbrowser debuts for 2.5 and 3G mobile devices ", DOM
C|NET [12 March]
"VCs fund efforts to map the Web", Gwendolyn Mariano, XML
O'Reilly Network [11 March]
"Macromedia Reinvents the Web", Simon St. Laurent, W3C, SVG
Mass High Tech [11 March]
"P3P proposal puts privacy in palm of Web users but may be lacking", Patricia Resende, W3C, P3P
MacCentral [11 March]
"Lutris brings Java application server to OS X ", Peter Cohen, W3C, XML
MacCentral [9 March]
"'Teach Yourself SVG in 24 Hours' book released", Peter Cohen, W3C, SVG
The Daily Echo - Bournemouth News [9 March]
"Web Weaver", Rachael Garnett, W3C, T. Berners-Lee
FCW.com [8 March]
"OMB developing e-gov standards", Diane Frank, W3C, P3P
JDNet Solutions [7 March]
"Avec XPDL, Sun tente d'apporter sa pierre aux Web Services" , Antoine Crochet Damais, W3C, Web services, SOAP, WSDL
01net [6 March]
"Sun soumet au W3C un nouveau dialecte XML Pipeline" , W3C, XML, Web services
JDNet Développeurs [6 March]
"Affichage d'un document XML dans une page Web" , Loïc Boileau, W3C, HTML, XML, XSLT, XSL, DOM
JDNet Solutions [6 March]
"Idée reçue No 2 "Il existe deux types de logiciels: les uns sont propriétaires, les autres standards"" , Cyril Dhenin, W3C, HTTP, HTML, XML
XML.com [6 March]
"Learning C# XML", Niel Bornstein, XML
NewMedia [6 March]
"SVG: Modularized and Mobile", W3C, SVG, CSS
CRN [5 March]
"Sun, Partners Introduce New XML Standard", Elizabeth Montalbano, W3C, XML
WebReference.com [4 March]
"SVG: Modularized and Mobile", W3C, SVG, XML Schema
XMLfr.org [4 March]
"Traduction de SVG 1.0" , Eric van der Vlist, W3C, SVG 1.0, XML,XHTML
Network World Fusion [4 March]
"Ipedo Database Gets XML Jolt", John Fontana, W3C, XML, XML Query
Network Magazine.com [4 March]
"Emerging Technology: Web Applications -- Keeping Up Appearances", Lenny Liebmann, W3C, XML
BusinessWeek online [4 March]
"The Next Web", Otis Port, W3C, T. Berners-Lee, Semantic Web
JDNet Solutions [1 March]
"X3D : un nouveau langage de description 3D voit le jour" , Antoine Crochet Damais, W3C, XML, DOM, SVG
XMLfr.org [1 March]
"XInclude modifié et Candidat à Recommandation" , Eric van der Vlist, W3C, XPointer, XInclude
XMLfr.org [1 March]
"XML Pipeline Definition Language" , Eric van der Vlist, W3C, XML Pipeline, XML
Mainichi Communications [1 March]
"W3C Keio Report", Yutaka Ishida, W3C, QA, HTML, XHTML, Kazuhiro Kitagawa, Martin Dürst, Olivier Thereaux (in Japanese)
RochesterComputers.com
"Designing for the Web", Ronald George, CSS
MacAddict
"Reviews: BBEdit 6.5.1", CSS
"Reviews: Illustrator 10", XML, SVG
KMWorld
"The Semantic Web adds logic to Web services", Katherine C. Adams, W3C, Semantic Web, T. Berners-Lee
Computing in Science & Engineering
"Future Scientific Digital Documents with MathML, XML, and SVG", Rubin H. Landau, David Vediner, Pornrat Wattanakasiwich, Kevin R. Kyle, MathMl, XML, SVG

February

JDNet Solutions [28 February]
"Open Hypermedia : les interfaces du futur conjuguées au présent" , François Morel, W3C, XML, HTTP, HTML
JDNet Solutions [28 February]
"Le W3C fait marche arrière sur l'épineuse question de la gratuité des standards" , Marc Lemesle, W3C, Patents
01.net [28 February]
"Le W3C opte pour la licence libre" , Francisco Villacampa, W3C, Patents
ClickZ Today [28 February]
"Raising Our Brainchild", Seana Mulcahy, W3C, T. Berners-Lee, SEmantic WEb
XMLfr.org [27 February]
"Royalty-free patent policy" , Simon St.Laurent, W3C, Patents
WirelessNewsFactor [27 February]
"Standard Spurs 3D Content for Wireless Devices", Jay Wrolstad, W3C, DOM, SVG
Vnunet.fr [27 February]
"Le W3C abandonne l'idée de la licence RAND" , Christophe Lagane, W3C, Patents
Silicon.fr [27 February]
"Le W3C revoit sa position sur les brevets" , W3C, Patents
Réseaux & Télecoms [27 February]
"Le W3C opte pour le 'libre'", Marc Olanie, W3C, Patents
internetnews.com [27 February]
"Standards Group Unveils Web3D Spec", Clint Boulton, W3C, XML, DOM
ebizChronicle.com [27 February]
"World Wide Web Consortium Releases New Draft of Patent Policy ", W3C, PPWG
ZDNet [26 February]
"X3D primes the pump for 3D Web design ", Paul Festa, W3C, XML, DOM
"W3C Backs Away From Royalty Policy", Margaret Kane, W3C, D. Weitzner, J. Daly
internetnews.com [26 February]
"W3C Removes RAND From Patent Policy", Thor Olavsrud, W3C, PPWG, D. Weitzner
Insurance & Technology Online [26 February]
"W3C Won't Let Patent Fees Enter Standards Process ", Richard Karpinski, W3C
01net.com [26 February]
"Mariage en vue du calcul distribué et des services Web" , Paul Philipon-Dollet, W3C, Web Services, SOAP, WSDL, XML
The Industry Standard [26 February]
"W3C recommends XML security standard" , Tom Sullivan, W3C, XML, XML Signature, XML Encryption, XML Key Management, Janet Daly
C|NET [26 February]
"Bringing 3D to the Web", Paul Festa, W3C, XML, DOM
XMLfr.org [25 February]
"Trois nouvelles versions de travail CSS3" , Eric van der Vlist, W3C, CSS, HTML
ZDNet News [25 February]
"Panels to Address W3C Issues", Paul Festa, W3C
XML Press [25 February]
"W3C Day report", Tatsuya Ban, W3C, Semantic Web, Amaya, XHTML, SVG (in Japanese)
TMCnet.com [25 February]
"Telera Supports Call Control XML", W3C, CCXML
MacCentral [25 February]
"PopChart 4.0 targeted to Web Services market ", Dennis Sellers, XML, SVG
Décision Micro & Réseaux [21 February]
"Le W3C pousse l'authentification des signatures électroniques", Francisco-Xavier Villacampa, W3C, CC/PP, XML Signature, XML Encryption, XML Key Management, Rigo Wenning
Yahoo.fr [21 February]
"Wolters Kluwer choisit Arbortext pour la création, la conversion et l'édition de contenu XML" , W3C, XML
TMCnet.com [21 February]
"Voxeo Offers Hosted CCXML Implementation For Building Advanced Call Control Functionality", W3C, CCXML
CRN [21 February]
"SQL Co-Inventor Takes on XML Databases", Barbara Darrow, W3C, XML, XQuery
Les Infos [20 February]
"Vers une norme pour la signature électronique",W3C, XML Signature
C|NET.com [20 February]
"ACCESS to Provide Free NetFront v3.0 Evaluation Copy for PocketPC", W3C, XHMTL, CSS
Vnunet.fr [19 February]
"La signature électronique se dote d'un standard en XML" , Laurent Bailliard, W3C, XML Signature, XML Encryption, XML Key Management, Tim Berners-Lee
JDNet Développeurs [19 February]
"Le W3C publie la recommandation XML Signature", Jérôme Morlon, W3C, XML, XML Signature, XML Encryption, XML Key Management, XML Schema, Tim Berners-Lee
Village de la Justice [19 February]
"Vers une norme XML pour la signature électronique sur les documents internet ?", W3C, XML, XML Signature
LinuxFrench.net [18 February]
"SauVaGe Animator : créons un Flash GPL" , Albert, W3C, SVG
Network World Fusion [18 February]
"Web services Quandary" , Stephen Lawton, W3C, J. Daly, XML
MacPlus [18 February]
"Signature électronique", W3C, XML Signature
JDNet Solutions [18 February]
"Le W3C finalise un standard XML pour la signature électronique" , Antoine Crochet Damais, W3C, XML Signature, XML Encryption, XML Key Management, Marie-Claire Forgue
Le Monde Informatique [18 February]
"Le W3C standardise la signature électronique XML" ,W3C, XML Signature
Futura Sciences [16 February]
"Le W3C publie la recommandation XML Signature" , W3C, XML Signature, XML Encryption, XML Key Management
Reuters France [16 February]
"Tend@nce: une norme pour renforcer la signature électronique", W3C, XML Signature, XML
YouplaBourse [15 February]
"Une norme mondiale pour renforcer la signature électronique", W3C, XML Signature
USA Today [15 February]
"New e-signature standard set", W3C, T. Berners-Lee, XML
Réseaux & Télécoms [15 February]
"Premier pas du XML sécurisé", Marc Olanie, W3C, XML Signature
Multimedium [15 February]
"Le Consortium World Wide Web (W3C) a mis la dernière main à son standard XML" , W3C, XML Signature
O1.net [15 February]
"Le W3C publie sa recommandation sur la signature XML", W3C, XML Signature
Web Site Design [15 February]
"W3C organization and activity", Norio Toyama, W3C (in Japanese)
Silicon.fr [15 February]
"La signature XML devient une recommandation W3C" , Stéphane Larcher, W3C, XML Signature, XML Encryption, XML Key Management, PNG, XML
XML [15 February]
"Vers un dictionnaire multilingue W3C", Eric van der Vlist, W3C, QA, Olivier Thereaux
E-Commerce Times [15 February]
"Web Consortium Finalizes Digital Signature Standard", Robyn Weisman, W3C, T. Berners-Lee, XML
Nice Matin [14 February]
"Jean-François Abramatic quitte la présidence du W3C", W3C, Jean-François Abramatic, Steve Bratt
Internet Week [14 February]
"W3C Approves XML-based Digital Signatures", W3C, XML
Insurance & Technology Online" [14 February]
"W3C Approves XML-based Digital Signatures", W3C, XML
C|NET [14 February]
"Securing signatures for Web services" , Paul Festa, W3C, XML Signature, XML Encryption, XML Key Management, Tim Berners-Lee
"Internet Industry Pushes More Flexible ID Method", W3C, XML
Comms Design [14 February]
"9 Tips for Improving Embedded Web Browser Design", Anthony Massa , W3C, SVG
azcentral.com [14 February]
"Internet Industry Pushes More Flexible ID Method", W3C, T. Berners-Lee, XML
ADTMag.com [14 February]
"Rewiring EDI: XML makes new connections ", Dave Hollander, XML
Business Week [14 February]
"On the Riviera: Sun, Tech, and Startups (Part 2)", Andy Reinhardt, W3C, HTML, XML, RDF
Business Week [13 February]
"On the Riviera: Sun, Tech, and Startups (Part 1)", Andy Reinhardt, W3C
XML.com [13 February]
"Message Patterns and Interoperability", Leigh Dodds, W3C, XML
Sophianet [13 February]
"La Côte des images virtuelles présente à Imagina 2002", W3C
eWeek [13 February]
"Internet Insight: XML Users Consider Nonstandard Third-Party Software to Ease Update Process", Charles Babcock, W3C, XQuery 1.0
C|NET [12 February]
"Critics clamor for Web services standards", Paul Festa, W3C, Janet Daly, WSDL, SOAP, TAG
JDNet Solutions [12 February]
"Bull, France Télécom R&D et l'Inria créent un consortium autour d'un middleware Open Source" , Antoine Crochet-Damais, W3C
ZDNet [12 February]
"Wanted: Web services standards ", Paul Festa, W3C, Janet Daly, WSDL, SOAP, TAG
XML [12 February]
"L'activité QA du W3C prend le large", traduit par Eric van der Vlist, W3C, QA
InternetNews.com [11 February]
"The Business of Web Services" , W3C, Web Services
eWeek [11 February]
"Internet Insight: XML Users Consider Nonstandard Third-Party Software to Ease Update Process", Charles Babcock, W3C, XQuery
NewMedia [8 February]
SVG - Open for Business", W3C, SVG
JDNet Solutions [8 February]
"Du Web sémantique aux Web Services, nous automatisons le travail des applications" , Antoine Crochet Damais, W3C, Web Services, RDF, RDF Schema, SOAP, XML, Semantic Web, WSDL, HTTP, SVG, SMIL, CSS 3, TAG, Daniel Dardailler
Le Monde Informatique [8 February]
"Des services Web au W3C",W3C, XML Protocol, SOAP 1.2
yj01 Informatique [8 February]
"Bases de données XML : les requêtes sont à manier avec doigté",Renaud Edouard, W3C, XML, XML Path, XML Query
01 Informatique [8 February]
"Trois candidats à la standardisation du langage du BPM", Marie Varandat, W3C, HTTP, SOAP
Le Monde Informatique [7 February]
" IBM, BEA et Microsoft forment un consortium de plus" ,D.C., W3C, Web Services, SOAP, WSDL, XML
Nice Matin [7 February]
"Imagina. La réalité virtuelle en son village", Philippe Dupuy, W3C
DevX [7 February]
"A Quantum Leap in Browser Graphics Capabilities", Vikas Pandya, W3C, SVG, XML, XSLT
XML.com [6 February]
"The Value of Names in Attributes ", Kendall Grant Clark, W3C, XML
"U.S. Federal XML Guidelines ", Alan Kotok, W3C, XML, SOAP, XML Schema
NetworkMagazine.com [6 February]
"VoiceXML 2.0 -- Sharper Across the Board", Andy Green and Ellen Muraskin, W3C, VoiceXML, Voice Browser WG
JDNet Solutions [5 February]
"Le W3C lance un groupe de travail dédié aux Web Services" , Antoine Crochet Damais, W3C, SOAP, WSDL, HTML, XHTML, XML Schema, HTTP, Web Services
CommsDesign [5 February]
"9 Tips for Improving Embedded Web Browser Design", Anthony Massa, W3C, SVG, Dev. Ind.
WebReference.com [4 February]
"SVG - Open for Business", Michael Classen, SVG, CSS
Network World Fusion [4 February]
SVG Update, Mark Gibbs, W3C, SVG
MacCentral [2 February]
"XML collaboration to be discussed at meeting ", Dennis Sellers, W3C, XML, SOAP
DevX [2 February]
"Integration : Leave a Message with XSLT", Kurt Cagle, XML
Sonovision [1 February]
"Recherche et développement (1ère partie) : Un véritable avantage concurrentiel", W3C, SVG 1.0, XML, SMIL 2.0
Silicon.fr [1 February]
"Vie privée, multimédia et pilotage vocal au menu du W3C" , Stéphane Larcher, W3C, Jean-François Abramatic, Steve Bratt, P3P, VoiceXML, XHTML, SMIL
Progiciel Expert [1 February]
"Pour en finir avec l'anarchie documentaire", Eric Leforestier, Gilles Rocard, Laurent Dupin et Thierry Courtois, W3C, HTML, XML, XHTML, RDF
Point Net [1 February]
"Zone HTML. Maîtriser les balises META", Jean-Paul Mesters, W3C, HTML, HTTP, PICS
N+I Network Guide [1 February]
"About W3C", W3C (in Japanese)
Le photographe [1 February]
"Dans la Famille MPEG, je demande le MPEG4", Hervé Bernard, W3C, XML
Java World [1 February]
"An introduction to Model 2X", Julien Mercay, Gilbert Bouzeid, XML, XSLT, SVG
Internet Magazine [1 February]
"From HTML and XML to Semantic Web", Hideki Miyanagi, W3C, HTML, XML, Semantic Web (in Japanese)
Informatiques Magazines [1 February]
"Les outils et les processus de la création du contenu à son archivage", W3C, XML, HTML, RDF
Informatiques Magazines [1 February]
"XML ne tuera pas l'EDI, il lui offrira une seconde jeunesse",W3C, XML
Architecture Informatique [1 February]
"Il faut savoir...", W3C, XSL 1.0, HTML, XML, XHTML, CSS, XSLT
Novell Connection
Something To Be Said for Standard Fare, W3C, XML, SOAP
ADTmag.com
"WSDL and the Wild, Wild West", Uche Ogbuji, W3C, XML, SOAP, RDF

January

XML.com [30 January]
"Introduction to DAML: Part 1", Roxanne Ouellet, Uche Ogbuji, W3C, T. Berners-Lee, XML, RDF
Internet Professionnel [30 January]
"Gérer les flux voix-données en centres d'appel", Sylvain Bontoux, W3C, Voice XML2.0
eWeek [28 January]
"Writing Playbook for E-Biz Game", Renee Boucher Ferguson, W3C, XML
C|NET [28 January]
"W3C publishes patent policy", Margaret Kane, W3C
Décision Micro et Réseaux [28 January]
"Tamino 3.1 assouplit la requête de documents XML", Olivier Bibard, W3C, XML, HTTP, HTML, XML Query
Builder.com [24 January]
"Navigating XML documents with XPath", Brian Schaffner, XML, DOM, XSLT
01net [22 January]
"J-F Abramatic (W3C) : « Le consensus sur les techniques Web et leur déploiement sont les défis à relever »", Laurent Campagnolle, W3C, XML, XHTML, SVG, SMIL, P3P, Jean-François Abramatic
Le Monde Informatique [21 January]
"Nomination au W3C", W3C, Steve Bratt, Jean-François Abramatic
Sophianet.com [21 January]
"Sophia : l'année de l'Inria", W3C
eWeek [21 January]
"XML Standards Updated", Timothy Dyck, W3C, XML, XPath, XQuery
Décision Micro & Réseaux [21 Janvier]
"J2EE résiste au test", Fabrice Frossard, W3C, Jean-François Abramatic
ZDNet.fr [19 January]
"Nouvelles versions de travail du DOM", W3C, DOM level 3, HTML, MathML, SVG, XML Infoset
Transfert [18 January]
"Changer les règles du Net, c'est tuer la poule aux oeufs d'or", W3C, Patents
XML [18 January]
"Traduction du Tome 1 de W3C XML Schema", Eric van der Vlist, W3C, XML, XML Schema
C|NET [18 January]
"Illustrator 10.0: Win98SE/WinME/98/2K Pro SP2/XP", Luisa Simone, SVG
Graphiland [17 January]
"Golive entre en sixième", Damien Legrand, W3C, HTML
JDNet Solutions [16 January]
"Jean-François Abramatic passe la main à Steven Bratt", W3C, Steve Bratt, Jean-François Abramatic
ENT News [14 January]
"Yukon to Hit Beta in 2002, 64-bit SQL 2K On Tap", Scott Bekker, W3C, XML
ZDNet.fr [9 January]
"Une technologie XML au coeur de querelles d'intérêts", Margaret Kane, W3C, XML, RDF, P3P
eWeek [7 January]
"XML: Plugging into 'Standard' Hybrids", Renee Boucher Ferguson, W3C, XML
C|NET [7 January]
"Group builds onto wall of Web standards", Paul Festa, W3C, XML, SOAP
Duostore [2 January]
"CC/PP facilite la distribution de contenu multi-terminaux", W3C, XML, RDF, CC/PP, XSLT
NetPro [1 January]
"OASIS Relax-NG, un autre XML Schema ?", Kareen Frascaria, W3C, XLink, XML1.0, XML Namespaces , XML Infoset, XML Schema, Karl Dubost
La Revue de l'Atelier [1 January]
"Les services Web bouleverseront-ils le commerce B to B ?", W3C, SOAP, XML, XML Protocol, Web Services
La Revue de l'Atelier [1 January]
"La longue quête d'un Web sémantique", W3C, XML, RDF, Semantic Web, Tim Berners-Lee
N+I Network Guide [1 January]
"Can Semantic Web be the next generation standard?", W3C, Semantic Web (in Japanese)
SVM Mac [1 January]
"Crossmedia Network Publishing", Christophe Colin, W3C, RDF
Programmez! [1 January]
"Rendre portables les services en ligne", Philippe Prados, W3C, HTML, XML, HTTP, VoiceXML
Mesures [1 January]
"XML : vers un échange standard de données mais pour quand ?", W3C, XML, HTML, MathML, SMIL, HTTP, XSL, XML Schema, XML Query, XPath, SOAP, SVG
Electronique [1 January]
"Convergence Voix-Données", Catherine Gross, W3C, Voice XML
Telecom Business Life [1 January]
"XML : l'autre façon de vivre le Net", W3C, XML, HTML, Voice XML
Internet Professionnel [1 January]
"XSL se charge de mettre en forme des informations XML", Marie Varandat, W3C, XML, XSL, XSL FO, CSS, HTML, XPath, XSLT, Max Froumentin
TMCnet.com
VoiceXML 2.0 Makes Some NOISE", Rich Tehrani, W3C, VoiceXML
SC Magazine
"Technologies to Watch 2002: It this the Year or Not?", Jan Sundgren, W3C, XML
MacWorld (U.K.)
"Adobe Illustrator 10", Richard Boardman, SVG
ADTmag.com
"BEA gains seat on W3C panel", Jack Vaughn, W3C, XML, SOAP
Janet Daly
$Date: 2002/04/02 20:46:09 $